M.H.F. Md Fauadi, T. Tibyani, N.N. Majdi, S.J. Tay, D.A. Kurniawati
This article presents the development of a solar-powered intelligent pesticide-spraying robot designed to enhance environmental sustainability in precision agriculture. By integrating renewable energy with intelligent decision-making, the system significantly reduces reliance on fossil fuels and minimizes pesticide overuse. The robot is powered by a solar panel with an adjustable tilt for optimal energy harvesting and incorporates a lead-acid battery for energy storage to maintain continuous operation. A water pump and DC motors facilitate mobility and spraying functions. The integration of fuzzy logic enables adaptive, real-time decision-making based on environmental parameters, ensuring precise and efficient pesticide application. Experiments across different weather conditions demonstrated superior performance in unshaded environments, with battery limitations observed during extended cloudy periods. Results showed a 24% reduction in pesticide use and 93% average coverage accuracy. This study underscores the environmental benefits of clean energy and intelligent control, and recommends the future integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and battery upgrades to further enhance operational sustainability and field autonomy. © 2026 by the authors.
Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Department of Information System, Faculty of Computer Science, Brawijaya University, Jawa Timur, Kota Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka, Durian Tunggal, 76100, Malaysia; Optimization, Operation Research, and Industrial System Research Group (2ORIS-RG), Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
