MM Riyaniarti Estri Wuryandari, Mochammad Fitri Atho'illah, Rizky Dzariyani Laili, Siti Fatmawati, Nashi Widodo, Edi Widjajanto, Muhaimin Rifa'i
Background: Salmonella typhi is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that threatens health. S. typhi infection exacerbated the antibiotic resistance problem that needs alternative strategies. Moringa oleifera possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, there is a lack of information about the pharmacological value of red M. oleifera. The fermentation of red M. oleifera leaves extract (RMOL) is expected to add to its nutritional value. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate non-fermented RMOL (NRMOL) and fermented RMOL (FRMOL) effects on S. typhi infection in mice. Materials and methods: Female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into eight groups. The treatment groups were orally administered with NRMOL or FRMOL at doses 14, 42, and 84 mg/kg BW during the 28 days experimental period. Then S. typhi was introduced to mice through intraperitoneal injection except in the healthy groups. The NRMOL or FRMOL administration was continued for the next seven days. Cells that expressed CD11b+ TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, CD11b+IL-6+, CD11b+IL-17+, CD11b+TNF-a+, and CD4+CD25+CD62L+ were assessed by flow cytometry. Results: Our result suggested that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the expression of CD11b+TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, CD11b+IL-6+, CD11b+IL-17+, and CD11b+TNF-α+ subsets. In contrast, NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly increased (p < 0.05) the expression of CD4+CD25+CD62L+ subsets. NRMOL at dose 14 and 42 mg/kg BW was more effective compared to FRMOL in reducing the expression of CD11b+TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, and CD11b+TNF-α+ subsets. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts could be promising agents for protection against S. typhi infection via modulation of TLR3/TLR4, regulatory T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines. © 2021 The Authors
Department of Biology, Faculty of Technology and Health Management, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata, Kediri, 64114, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah Surabaya, Surabaya, 60244, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia; Center of Biosystem Study, LPPM of Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia