Suhita Aryaloka, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Ima Fauziah, Nanik Hidayatik, Muhammad Agil, M. Gandul Atik Yuliani, Arindita Niatazya Novianti, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama, Syahputra Wibowo, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Ricadonna Raissa, Abdul Hadi Furqoni, Mo Awwanah, Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the orthopox virus, a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs the Poxviridae virus family. It is known to infect both animals (especially monkeys and rodents) and humans and causes a rash similar to smallpox. Humans can become infected with monkeypox virus (MPXV) when they get in close contact with infected animals (zoonotic transmission) or other infected people (human-human transmission) through their body fluids such as mucus, saliva, or even skin sores. Frequently observed symptoms of this disease include fever, headaches, muscle aches, and a rash that initially looks like a tiny bump before becoming a lump that is filled with fluid. Monkeypox symptoms also include an incubation period of 5–21 days, divided into prodromal and eruption phases. Several contributing factors, such as smallpox vaccine discontinuation, widespread intake of infected animal products as a source of protein, and high population density, amongst others, have been linked to an increase in the frequency of monkeypox outbreaks. The best course of action for diagnosing individuals who may be suffering from active monkeypox is to collect a sample of skin from the lesion and perform PCR molecular testing. Monkeypox does not presently have a specific therapy; however, supportive care can assist in managing symptoms, such as medication to lower body temperature and pain. Three major orthopoxvirus vaccines have been approved to serve as a preventive measure against monkeypox: LC16, JYNNEOS, and ACAM2000. The discovery that the monkeypox outbreak is communicable both among humans and within a population has sparked new public health worries on the possibility of the outbreak of another viral pandemic. Research and studies are still being conducted to gain a deeper understanding of this zoonotic viral disease. This review is therefore focused on deciphering monkeypox, its etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, and control. © 2024, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli. All rights reserved.
Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Division of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Division of Veterinary Clinic Reproduction and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, Indonesia; Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Research Center for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Center for Biomedical Research, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Botany, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia