W. Rahmawati, N.N. Wirawan, I. Fahmi, A.R. Cempaka, S. Andarini
Understanding the concepts of energy density (ED), nutrient density (ND), and nutrient-to-price ratio (NPR) in foods is crucial in making food selections to overcome the triple burden of malnutrition in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the ED, ND and NPR values of Indonesian foods. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect mostly consumed food in Malang, Indonesia. This study used nutrient density score (NDS) as a means of measuring and conveying the nutritional density of the foods examined. The ED of snacks (278.90 kcal/100 g), meat and fish (248.90 kcal/100 g), legumes, nuts and seeds (129.55 kcal/100 g), and starchy staples (125.45 kcal/100 g), were significantly higher than the energy density of dark green leafy vegetables (DGLVs) (37.00 kcal/100 g); other fruits and vegetables (34.90 kcal/100 g), and other vitamin A-rich foods (23.40 kcal/100 g). The nutrient density score (NDS) of organ meat (143.3%DV/100 kcal); other vitamin A-rich foods (67.77%DV/100 kcal); DGLVs (61.70%DV/100 kcal); other fruits and vegetables (17.78%DV/100 kcal), were significantly higher than the NDS of starchy staples and snacks. DGLVs (380.50%DV/USD); organ meat (312.5%DV/USD); other vitamin A-rich foods (224.85%DV/USD); legumes, nuts and seeds (118.14%DV/USD) provided significantly higher nutrient contents in lower price compared to snacks. In conclusion, snack has the highest ED but lowest NPR, and in contrary DGLV has lowest ED but highest NPR. The finding of this study was important to support nutritional education and information on food labels, reducing the risk of nutritional problems and diseases. © 2025 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources.
Nutrition Department, Faculty of Health Science, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Malang, 65151, Indonesia; Department of Community Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
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