Citra Wahyu Rizkita, Lailatul Qadariyah, Mahfud Mahfud, Sukardi Sukardi
SFME has emerged as a green and efficient technique for essential oil recovery; however, its application to ginger rhizomes and the identification of kinetically operating conditions remain limited. This study investigates the time-dependent extraction behavior and extraction kinetics of ginger essential oil using SFME under varying operating conditions. Microwave power and sample mass were systematically varied to generate yield- time profiles, which were subsequently analyzed using several kinetic models, including first-order, second-order, power law, hyperbolic, Elovich, and Weibull models. The extraction process exhibited a characteristic two- stage behavior, consisting of a rapid initial extraction followed by a slower diffusion-controlled stage. Kinetic analysis revealed that empirical models, particularly the power law and Weibull models, effectively described the non-linear extraction behavior, indicating mixed mass transfer control mechanisms. At a constant microwave power of 450 W, sample mass significantly influenced extraction kinetics, with intermediate solid loading providing a balanced extraction rate and favorable characteristic extraction time. Based on kinetic efficiency and extraction stability rather than final yield alone, the optimal operating condition was identified at 450 W with a sample mass of 200 g. This kinetic-based evaluation provides mechanistic insight into SFME of ginger and offers a rational efficient operating conditions for green extraction. © 2026 The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Indonesia; Department of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
