St. Theresia Sri Wulandari Setiawanti, Tri Eko Susilorini, Sri Wahjuningsih, Kuswati Kuswati, Suyadi Suyadi
Reproductive efficiency is a critical determinant of sustainability and profitability in dairy farming. This study evaluates the reproductive performance of Indonesian Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cattle across lactation periods at the Technical Implementation Unit for Livestock Breeding and Forage (TIU-LBF) Batu. Parameters assessed included Age at First Calving (AFC), Service per Conception (S/C), Days Open (DO), Conception Rate (CR), and Calving Interval (CI). The average AFC was 34.16 months (ideal: 24–26 months, with the highest S/C observed in first lactation cows (2.65; P<0.05 vs. second lactation). Both DO and CI exceeded 120 and 420 days, respectively, across all periods. Conception Rate (CR) was lowest in lactation I (22.92%). The use of sexed semen resulted in 63.16% male calves, higher than the expected 50% female bias. These findings underscore the limitations of current sexing technology in achieving the intended increase in female calf births, with implications for breeding strategies and herd replacement planning. Overall, the results reveal persistent inefficiencies in reproductive management due to suboptimal estrus detection, nutritional deficits, and low efficacy of sexed semen technology. Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Graduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
