Rivo YB Nugraha, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
Encystation in Entamoeba is a critical developmental process that facilitates survival and transmission between hosts. By using Entamoeba invadens as a model organism, studies in molecular biology and systems biology have revealed that this stage conversion is regulated by an intricate network of metabolic, structural, and genetic regulators. Lipid metabolism, particularly the signaling role of cholesteryl sulfate and the synthesis of unique very-long-chain dihydroceramides and fatty acids, drives essential cellular changes that promote membrane impermeability and cyst wall formation. The cytoskeletal network, primarily driven by dynamic reorganization of actin filaments and various actin-binding proteins, plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient vesicle trafficking and the precise assembly of chitin-based cyst walls, in accordance with the ‘Wattle and Daub’ model. Transcriptional regulation and epigenetic mechanisms coordinate these processes by modulating the activity of key transcription factors, each of which targets distinct gene sets involved in encystation. Systems biology perspective reveals a robust and integrated crosstalk among lipid signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, and transcriptional regulation, forming feedback loops and shared regulatory nodes that precisely coordinate stage conversion. This interconnected network not only elucidates the molecular underpinnings of encystation but also highlights unique pathways and regulatory targets absent in mammalian hosts. © 2026 The Author(s)
The Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; The Department of Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
