Javas Nurzaky Azalli, Muhammad Imron Rosyady, Vera Khoirunisa, Listra Yehezkiel Ginting, M Shoufie Ukhtary
This study investigates the performance of a three-level quantum battery model, which aims to optimize the trade off between the high capacity of harmonic oscillators and the rapid charging of two-level systems. Utilizing a harmonic oscillator charger and a three-level holder, we analyze the impact of linear and quadratic driving protocols within an open quantum system framework. Our results show that linear driving yields a highly efficient charging process with an ergotropy to energy ratio near unity. On the other hands, the quadratic driving significantly enhances stored energy and peak charging power but introduces increased state mixedness that limits the extractable work. Furthermore, these findings highlight the necessity of balancing coupling strengths and driving nonlinearities to maximize the thermodynamic efficiency of the quantum battery. © 2026 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. This article is available under the terms of the https://publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/iop-standard/v1.
Engineering Physics Department, Sumatera Institute of Technology, South Lampung, Indonesia; Physics Department, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia; Research Center for Quantum Physics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia
