Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Fidi Nur Aini Eka Puji Dameanti, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, John Yew Huat Tang, Wiwiek Tyasningsih, Budiastuti Budiastuti, Muhammad Khaliim Jati Kusala, Dea Anita Ariani Kurniasih, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma Wardhani, Syahputra Wibowo, Ilma Fauziah Ma’ruf, Ima Fauziah, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Latifah Latifah
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a global issue requiring serious attention and management. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment has led to the dissemination of AMR bacteria and resistance genes into the environment. In addition, unethical antibiotic sales without prescriptions, poor sanitation, and improper disposal cause significant amounts of antibiotics used in livestock to enter the environment, causing the emergence of resistant bacteria. Intensive livestock farming is an important source of AMR genes, environmental bacteria contamination, and possible transfer to human pathogens. Bacteria intrinsically antibiotic resistant, which are independent of antibiotic use, further complicate AMR and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality following infections by AMR bacteria. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. are commonly found in livestock that carry resistance genes and have a risk of human infection. The impact of AMR, if left unchecked, could lead to substantial public health burdens globally, with a predicted mortality rate higher than cancer by 2050. “One Health” integrates strategies across human, animal, and environmental health domains, including improving antibiotic stewardship in livestock, preventing infection, and raising awareness regarding the judicious use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotic alternatives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and vaccinations, to control or prevent infections in livestock will help to avoid over-reliance on antibiotics. Coordinated international actions are needed to mitigate the spread of AMR through improved regulations, technology improvements, and awareness campaigns. © 2025, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli. All rights reserved.
Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Food Industry, Faculty of Bioresources, and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Besut Campus), Besut, Malaysia; Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Study Program of Pharmacy Science, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
