Liza Evianti Tanjung, Bashar S. Mohammed, Dimas Bayu Endrayana Dharmowijoyo, Ng Cheng Yee, Achmad Wicaksono, Muhammad Husin Gultom
The effect of companionship on physical and social well-being, particularly in the context of transportation engineering, is a significant area of study. Traditional statistical methods may not offer a comprehensive understanding. In this research conducted in Malang City, Indonesia in 2019, multilevel modelling was utilized to explore the relationships among sociodemographic factors, travel behaviours, daily activity diaries, and social interactions during activities, all affecting physical and social health. The study involved 337 respondents aged seven or above. The findings highlighted the importance of considering shared activities with others in enhancing individual well-being, suggesting integrated policies aligning transportation, social, and land use policies with health initiatives. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Janabadra, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Logistics Department, National Distribution Services, Melbourne, Australia; Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
