H.A. Dyahyuningtyas, F.S. Aurum, M.F. Karimy, E. Damayanti, V.T. Rosyida, N. Ndraha, N. Fitrianto, T.H. Siregar, D. Dwiyitno, P. Pourazad, F. Penagos-Tabares, S. Aditya
To support milk production and quality, high-yielding dairy cows are normally fed using mixed-grains from nutritious sources. However, the contamination of those typical feeds often occurs along with the alteration of the season, including temperature and humidity changes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare natural biotoxin and other contaminants in mixed-grains of dairy cow’s foodstuff between wet and dry seasons of tropical climate zone using untargeted metabolomic approaches. A total of 40 samples of mixed-grains was divided into two groups; wet (WS; 20) and dry (DS; 20) seasons. Furthermore, data revealed that 321 compounds of mixed grain were identified, whereby 152 compounds showed significant difference between dry and wet seasons (P < 0.05). Data revealed the possible important compounds associated with feed/food safety issues, such as biotoxins and toxicants were more pronounced in mixed-grains during wet season. Higher biological compounds and biotoxins such as actinonin and embelin as well as allopumiliotoxin 267 A and aflatoxin were pointed under wet season (P < 0.05), respectively. Toxicants, like dodecylamine, caprolactam, crotetamide, azidamfenicol, and tridemorph showed significantly stronger in WS group compared to their counterparts (P < 0.05). Data suggests that a stronger alteration associated with potential toxin profiles of mixed-grains was noticeable in wet season compared to dry season, which could adversely affect on feed and food safety parameters. The wet season was found to pose a greater risk to feed-food safety compared to the dry season. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.
Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jl. Jogja-Wonosari km 31.5, The Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, East Java, Malang, Indonesia; Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency of The Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), West Java, Cibinong, Indonesia; Department for Farms and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria; CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050034, Colombia; Agromed Austria GmbH, Kremsmünster, 4550, Austria
