Xiaoting Ma, Nangkula Utaberta, Nadzirah Zainordin
Boosting heritage conservation alongside adaptation to overwhelming urbanisation and global tourism expansion presents a dual imperative for historical and cultural cities. Urban growth and the maintenance of cultural distinctiveness hinge upon the identification of Outstanding Universal Values (OUVs). This study is intended to address the urgent necessity for integrated methodologies for OUVs identification and assessment. Layering theory and interview methods are exploited to examine perspectives from professional and public groups. Subsequently, structural equation modelling (SEM) and multi-group Structural Equation Modelling (MGSEM) gauge key value relationships and compare group perceptions. Following Grounded Theory, these insights are synthesised into an urban development framework, while shared and divergent views between professionals and the public are identified. Both cohorts highly value historical sites and cultural heritage, especially architecture and cultural activities, while also acknowledging modern green infrastructure’s importance. MGSEM analysis, however, reveals that the professional group prioritise historical continuity and connotation, whereas the public group places greater emphasis on tangible architecture, spatial use, and social meaning. Consolidation of these elements via Grounded Theory results in a three-tier model, which encompasses core values, mediating identity, and guiding mechanisms. The integration of both perspectives facilitates the formulation of value-aligned policy. This approach fosters more coherent paths towards sustainable urban transformation. © The Author(s) 2026.
School of Geographical Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China; School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Universitas Brawijaya, Kota Malang, Indonesia
