Abdul Wahid Hasyim, Bangun Muljo Sukojo, Intan Astritya Anggraini, Erland Raziqin Fatahillah, Andik Isdianto
This study investigates the spatial relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in Malang City, Indonesia. Utilizing satellite-based remote sensing data from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Sentinel-2, the research analyzes the impacts of rapid urban expansion on temperature variation across the city. The results show a significant positive correlation between NDBI and LST, where a 0.1 increase in NDBI results in a rise of 1.075℃ in LST. Conversely, a 0.1 increase in NDVI leads to a decrease of 0.339℃ in LST, demonstrating the cooling effect of vegetation. The regression model explains 86.4% of the variation in LST (R2 = 0.864), highlighting the role of land cover in regulating local temperatures. In 2024, the average LST in Malang City was recorded at 28.32℃, with the highest temperatures exceeding 34.64℃ in densely populated urban areas, particularly in the Klojen District. The study emphasizes the critical need for sustainable urban planning policies, such as increasing urban green spaces and adopting vegetation-based solutions in high-density zones to mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to balance urban development with environmental sustainability. ©2025 The authors.
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo-Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
