Siti Setiati, Kuntjoro Harimurti, Ika Fitriana, Noto Dwimartutie, Rahmi Istanti, Muhammad Khifzhon Azwar, I Gusti Putu Suka Aryana, Sri Sunarti, Agus Sudarso, Dina Aprillia Ariestine, Lazuardhi Dwipa, Novira Widajanti, Nur Riviati, Roza Mulyana, Rensa Rensa, Yudo Murti Mupangati, Fatichati Budiningsih, Nina Kemala Sari
Background: The co-occurrence of frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition was well studied in inpatient and nursing home settings, which was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. Multicentre data in community-dwelling outpatient setting were lacking. We aimed to find the prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia and malnutrition, their overlap and the associated factors in community-dwelling older outpatients. Methods: We collected data from communi-ty-dwelling outpatients aged ≥60 years in Indonesian geriatric care centres to conduct this cross-sectional study with bivariate and multivariable analyses. Frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition diagnoses were based on FRAIL scale, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus, and Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, respectively. Results: The prevalence of frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition in community-dwelling older outpatients were 13.6%, 45.5%, and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of co-occurrence of frailty, possible sarco-penia and malnutrition was 3.3%. It was associated with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebrovascular accident (odds ratio [OR]=5.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–20.61), cognitive impairment (OR=3.70, 95% CI 1.21–11.31), and dependent functional capacity (OR=11.62, 95% CI 3.38–39.99). Overlap of three evaluated syndromes was found in 24.1%, 7.2%, and 61.3% of subjects with frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition, respectively. It was charac-terized by a substantial proportion of female sex, older adults with low educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cognitive impairment, multimorbidity, and dependent functional status. Conclusion: Approximately 1 in 30 community-dwelling older outpatients had overlap-ping frailty, possible sarcopenia, and malnutrition. The condition is associated with TIA and cere-brovascular accident, cognitive impairment, and dependent functional capacity. Standardized screening in community-dwelling older population is necessary. © 2025 by The Korean Geriatrics Society.
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, North Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
