Pirel Aulia Baravia, Faqrizal Ria Qhabibi, Edwin Hadinata, Steffinna Heronna Helda Katuuk, Ricky Indra Alfaray, Derren D.C.H. Rampengan, Rony Abdi Syahputra, Nurpudji Astuti Taslim, Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata, Trina Ekawati Tallei, Agussalim Bukhari, Fahrul Nurkolis
Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders, including obesity, hypertension, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis, that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies highlight the therapeutic potential of algae-derived peptides in mitigating these conditions. These bioactive peptides exert anti-obesity effects by enhancing PPAR-γ activity, reducing white adipose tissue (WAT), and regulating malonyl-CoA synthesis in hepatocytes, which is essential for lipid metabolism. Additionally, they activate the AMPK pathway, promoting GLUT-4 translocation and improving insulin sensitivity, thereby reducing the risk of type II diabetes. In terms of cardiovascular health, algae peptides demonstrate potent anti-hypertensive properties by inhibiting renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), thereby modulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Furthermore, their strong antioxidant activity mitigates oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting endothelial cells, and preventing vascular inflammation. These antioxidant effects contribute to their anti-atherosclerotic potential by suppressing atheroma formation and preserving arterial function. © 2025 The Authors
Medical School Department, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Internal Medicine Department of Ciputra Hospital Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Surabaya, 60219, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia; Medical Study Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Center for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Research and Policy, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, 95115, Indonesia; State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Master of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Medical Research Center of Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia
