Ethan Dern Huang Kong, Chin Wei Lai, Joon Ching Juan, Yean Ling Pang, Cheng Seong Khe, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Femiana Gapsari, Khairul Anam
Water pollution from organic pollutants such as dyes and pharmaceuticals poses severe threats to ecosystems and human health, demanding effective remediation strategies. Conventional water treatment methods fall short in eliminating these contaminants, prompting interest in photocatalysis, which uses light energy to degrade pollutants into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide and water. This sustainable approach offers efficient pollutant removal with recyclable photocatalysts but faces challenges such as rapid charge recombination and limited electron-hole migration. Research aims to enhance photocatalytic efficiency under UV, visible, and solar light through metal doping and binary oxide systems, particularly titanium dioxide, which improves charge carrier migration and delays recombination. Coupling titanium dioxide with bio-derived carbon shows promise in enhancing electron-hole separation and visible light absorption. This review explores advances in photocatalyst synthesis, degradation mechanisms, adsorption reactions, and economic value of bioderived photocatalysts, emphasizing the potential of photocatalysis for efficient wastewater treatment. © 2025 The Author(s)
Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia; Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, 32610, Malaysia; Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, MT Haryono 167, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
