Putri Apriliani Khorely, Holilah, Didik Prasetyoko, RH. Fitri Faradilla, Asranudin, Agus Wedi Pratama, Zuratul Ain Hamid, Prasetya, Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani, Hilfi Pardi, Dina Wahyu Indriani, Qudsiyyatul Lailiyah, Aminatun Nisa, Noureddine El Messaoudi, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
The valorization of abundant agricultural residues, such as edamame peel waste, into high-value nanomaterials represents a critical opportunity for the circular bioeconomy. While conventional NCC extraction relies on environmentally hazardous mineral acids, this study investigates a sustainable, phase-controlled pathway using a heterogeneous zirconium phosphate solid acid catalyst. By systematically varying the orthophosphoric acid precursor concentration (0.1-0.6 M), the catalyst's structural phase was actively tailored, culminating in a highly crystalline and thermally stable α-ZrP phase at 0.6 M. This specific structural transition in the catalyst proved highly effective for cellulose hydrolysis, increasing the product's crystallinity index from 44.44% to 59.93%, alongside the confirmed removal of amorphous lignin and hemicellulose domains. Crucially, this catalytic system enabled precise morphological control over the extracted NCC: lower concentrations of ZrP yielded elongated nanofibers (12.72 nm diameter), whereas the robust crystalline α-ZrP phase directed the synthesis toward short, rod-like nanocrystals (22.53 nm diameter, 105.19 nm length). Furthermore, the resulting NCC demonstrated superior thermal resistance, characterized by a substantial char residue (53.82% compared to 23.47% for the original cellulose). Ultimately, this work establishes a highly tunable and eco-friendly approach to producing specialized NCC, advancing sustainable bioprocessing using dynamic solid acid catalysts. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), South Tangerang, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN-Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia; Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jalan Kalimantan 37, Jember, Indonesia; School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, 14300, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Maritime Technology, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Senggarang, Tanjungpinang, 29100, Indonesia; Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, Indonesia; Research Center for Electrical Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), South Tangerang, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Chemical Defence, Defence Research Institute, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
