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Parikh, Pragyan Paramita Parija, Shahina Pardhan, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Paola Pani, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Alicia Padron-Monedero, P.A. Mahesh Padukudru, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Amel Ouyahia, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Alberto Ortiz, Michal Ordak, Ahmed Omar Bali, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Andrew T. Olagunju, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Tolulope R. Ojo-Akosile, James Odhiambo Oguta, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Dieta Nurrika, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Majid Nozari, Mehran Nouri, N.A. Nawsherwan, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Shuhei Nomura, Efaq Ali Noman, Ali Nikoobar, Robina Khan Niazi, Van Thanh Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y. Nguyen, Nhan Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Mulata H. Nega, Amanuel Tebabal Nega, G. 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Although iron deficiency is well documented, less is known about dietary involvement in symptomatic iron deficiency manifesting in medical conditions. In this study, we quantified the global burden of dietary iron deficiency, focusing on where inadequate dietary iron intake leads to clinical manifestations such as anemia. We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 to estimate dietary iron deficiency prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), stratified by age, sex, geography and socio-demographic index (SDI) across 204 countries. In 2021, global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates were 16,434.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 16,186.2–16,689.0) and 423.7 (285.3–610.8) per 100,000 population, with rates decreasing by 9.8% (8.1–11.3) and 18.2% (15.4–21.1) from 1990 to 2021. A higher burden was observed in female individual (age-standardized prevalence, 21,334.8 (95% UI, 20,984.8–21,697.4); DALYs, 598.0 (402.6–854.4)) than in male individual ((age-standardized prevalence, 11,684.7 (11,374.6–12,008.8); DALYs, 253.0 (167.3–371.0)). High-SDI countries presented greater improvement, with a 25.7% reduction compared to 11.5% in low-SDI countries. Despite global improvements, dietary iron deficiency remains a major health concern with a global prevalence of 16.7%, particularly affecting female individuals, children and residents in low-SDI countries. Urgent interventions through supplementation, food security measures and fortification initiatives are essential. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2025.
Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Anesthesiology Department, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Midwifery Department, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Endemic Diseasesm University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States; School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Food Hygiene, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States; Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Directorate of Research and Innovation Foresight, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Honorary Council of Nutritionist Ethics, Persatuan Ahli Gizi Indonesia (Indonesian Nutrition Association), Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru; The World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India; Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Sétif, Algeria; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China; Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India; Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies ‘GF Ingrassia’, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSSBIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico; Department of Research, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, NJ, United States; Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta city, Egypt; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia; Department of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health Nutrition, Aksum University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; College of Health Science, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center of Health Management, Aden University, Aden, Yemen; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Zoology, KKS Women’s College, Balasore, India; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Science, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Department of Nephrology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India; Non-communicable Diseases Division (NCD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Independent Consultant, Bharatpur, India; Independent Consultant, Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Global Virus Network, Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Public Health Department, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Center for Nutritional Epidemiology and Policy Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Leukemia, The University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India; Institute for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Epidemiology, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Community Medicine, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India; International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria; Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; University of Nairobi, Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, Nairobi, Kenya; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal; Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta, Indonesia; Program Division, SEAMEO Regional Center for Food and Nutrition, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Karad, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Centre for Digital Transformation, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India; Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India; Public Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Integrated Department of Epidemiology, Health Policy, Preventive Medicine and Pediatrics, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Unidad de Genética y Salud Pública, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Hospital Joaquín Pablo Franco Sayas, Las Tablas, Panama; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Family Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Bengaluru, India; One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania; Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Geospatial Health and Development Team, Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; SSCANS, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; College of Health Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Independent Consultant, Changescape Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa” Iasi, Iaşi, Romania; Second Surgical Unit, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, India; Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; Department Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq; DY Patil School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai, India; Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India; Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Research, TroDDIVaT Initiative, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Medical Biochemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Cardiovascular Laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Dermatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Radiology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of General Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam; Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; School of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy; Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Natnov Bioscience, Tahalia, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Second Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Outpatient, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust International, New Delhi, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Cihan University-Sulaimaniya Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Community Medicine, ESI Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research, Bengaluru, India; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India; Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran; Department of Nutrition Science, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India; Health Economics and Outcomes Research Department, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre for Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Pakistan, Dir Upper, Pakistan; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India; Department of Public Health, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Juiz de For a Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceuticals, Bihar College of Pharmacy, Patna, India; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia Cyprus, Turkey; International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Analytical & Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital And Research Centre, Chennai, India; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Independent Consultant, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India; Pharmacy Department, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hemato-oncology, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridiski’, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India; Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (Dutch Part); Department of Biochemistry, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Departement of Clinical Pathology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia; Hospital Central Laboratory, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicul, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia; Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Taking Our Best Shot, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke’s Hospital, Patanamthitta, India; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health, Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Informatics and Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T Popa’ Iasi, Iaşi, Romania; Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India; Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Public Health Department (Public Health Nutrition Unit), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Nephology Department, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Tarija, Bolivia; San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Statistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
