Ridwan Aji Budi Prasetyo, Hardianto Iridiastadi
The assessment of MWL is pivotal for understanding human performance limitations, optimizing task design, and enhancing overall system efficiency and safety across various domains, including aviation, healthcare, and technology interfaces. However, reaching an agreement on its definition, whether in technical or philosophical terms, is highly challenging. This study aims to critically examine the theories of MWL and offer a conceptual and operational definition for future researchers in the field. This paper also provides a review of MWL measurement by exploring the progress made in measuring MWL, including the development of novel techniques. We searched scientific databases covering the topic of limited and multiple resource theories, along with the measurement of MWL, covering the topics of performance, psychophysiological, and subjective techniques. A narrative review was applied to appraise the literature, particularly using the TIR approach. Based on our review, the definition of MWL consists of four elements: cognitive processing, task demand, performance and physiological changes, and subjective experience. Furthermore, our review provides a framework for measuring mental workload that encompasses the interplay between performance and psychological changes, demands, and subjective measures. Several theoretical and practical issues regarding the measurement approach are also discussed. © 2025 Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia. All rights reserved.
Psychology Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
