Sunardi Sunardi, Aleik Nurwahyudi, Eko Sulkhany, Arief Setyanto, Heri Supomo, Sapto P Kertorahardjo
Maritime safety in a vast archipelagic state like Indonesia presents structurally heterogeneous risks across fleets and operating environments. This study develops an empirical safety risk profile using 1,634 maritime accident records (2018-2021) and links the risk mapping to operational response capability using National Search and Rescue (BASARNAS) sea-incident handling timestamps (reporting–dispatch–arrival) to support actionable interventions. A quantitative approach combined descriptive statistics, spatio-temporal hotspot mapping, and frequency–severity risk matrices, supplemented by hypothesis-driven association testing and response-time performance metrics (dispatch delay, travel time, end-to-end time). The maritime risk landscape is dominated by catastrophic events, with capsizing and sinking accounting for 47.7% of incidents, and two extreme-risk scenarios fishing-vessel and passenger-ship capsizing/sinking were identified. Risk is geographically concentrated, with the Java Sea emerging as a major multi-vessel hotspot, while inland river systems exhibit distinct accident–response patterns. The findings indicate that a uniform safety policy is inadequate and support a differentiated, risk-based framework aligned with applicable international safety obligations in the Indonesian context) and cost-aware prioritization of prevention and SAR readiness. Key limitations include reliance on secondary reports and a bounded analysis period; therefore, the framework is intended for periodic updating as new accident and SAR-performance data become available. ©2025 The authors. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources Utilization, Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 60145, Indonesia; National Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT), National Transportation Department, Jakarta Pusat, 10110, Indonesia; Department of Naval Architecture, Faculty of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Fisheries Capture Center, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Semarang, 50175, Indonesia
