Ida Bagus Gde Rama Wisesa, Reza Yesica, Widi Nugroho, Dyah Kinasih Wuragil, N. Wulansari, Felipe Penagos-Tabares, Siska Aditya
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of AFM1 in Indonesia during dry and wet seasons as well as to compare the results of the maximum level of AFM1 allowed in raw milk by the Indonesian, USA and European Union legislation. A total of 80 milk samples were collected from forty dairy farms. The samplings were conducted at two different seasons, dry (DS; n = 40) and wet (WS; n = 40) seasons. To observe the climate conditions, the temperature and relative humidity were measured. Data revealed that a higher temperature humidity index was pronounced in WS group (P < 0.05). Dairy cows in both seasons experienced mild stress conditions. Data showed that all the milk samples (100 %) in wet and dry seasons were contaminated with AFM1 exceeding the maximum level of European Union, but still at the range of Indonesian and the United States legislations. A trend towards higher AFM1 concentration in the wet season was observed (P = 0.08). This is the first report of the detection and occurrence of AFM1 occurrence in dairy cows during two seasons of tropical climate zone in Indonesia. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Kec. Dau, Kab. Malang, 65151, Indonesia; Research Group of Feed and Food Safety, Research Center for Food Technology Processing, The National Agency for Research and Innovation of The Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Jogja-Wonosari km 31.5, The Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia; The Animal Teaching Hospital, Brawijaya University, Puncak Dieng Eksklusif, Kalisongo, Kec. Dau, Kab. Malang, 65151, Indonesia; Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria; Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH – Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430, Austria
