Amel Gacem, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Zeba Tabassum, Kamal Y. Thajudeen, Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed, Rosalina Ariesta Laeliocattleya, Aniswatul Khamidah, Sri Satya Antarlina, Maha Awjan Alreshidi, F.M. Aldosari, Mosab Kaseem, Chirag Chopra, Atif Khurshid Wani, Tabarak Malik
Plastics have long been the dominant material in packaging industries; however, their prevalence is gradually decreasing due to increasing government regulations and growing industry shifts toward eco-friendly alternatives. This transition aims to meet sustainability targets, reduce environmental pollution, and improve brand perception. Although bioplastics are biodegradable and eco-friendly, their mechanical strength, thermal stability, and barrier properties often fall short, limiting their application in advanced packaging that requires durability and low permeability. Concurrently, a large quantity of eggshell waste, rich in calcium carbonate, is discarded in landfills, contributing to environmental pollution. The challenge of managing this waste, along with overcoming the limitations of bioplastics, calls for innovative solutions. This review discusses the potential of eggshell waste as a sustainable material in bio-packaging. It highlights how eggshells can serve as mechanical reinforcements in bioplastics through filler incorporation, transforming them into functional materials such as powders, nanoparticles, and derivatives like calcium oxide, calcium chloride, and calcium carbonate. Biopolymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are frequently studied for integrating eggshell-derived materials. These materials significantly improve the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of bioplastic films, addressing both environmental and industrial challenges. The review also explores the obstacles and future directions in using eggshell waste in bioplastics, such as compatibility issues, scalability, and the need for optimized processing techniques. These advancements contribute to waste valorization and the development of eco-friendly materials, promoting a circular economy. © 2025 The Authors
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria; Department of VLSI Microelectronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 602105, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq; School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, Jalandhar, 144411, India; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, AlKharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta, 55861, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, 81441, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Corrosion and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, 378, Ethiopia; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, Phagwara, 144411, India
