Yasa P. Umar, Gabriel Tambunan, Fajri Anugroho, Bambang Suharto, Alexander Tunggul Sutan Haji, Aulia Nur Mustaqiman, Chu Luong Tri
The batik textile industry in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth, contributing to economic development, especially at the home-industry scale. However, its production processes generate wastewater containing hazardous substances, particularly heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), which threaten aquatic ecosystems and human health if untreated. This study investigated the effectiveness of phytoremediation using Hydrilla verticillata and Salvinia molesta in reducing heavy metal concentrations from batik wastewater in East Java. An experimental approach with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied, consisting of three treatments: 100% H. verticillata, 100% S. molesta, and a 50:50 mixture, each with three replications. Parameters observed included Cr, Cu, and Pb concentrations, pH, temperature, and plant biomass changes. The results demonstrated that H. verticillata reduced Cr, Cu, and Pb by 31%, 33.6%, and 61%, respectively, while S. molesta achieved higher removal of Cr (91.9%) and Cu (60%), but Pb increased by 22% compared to initial values. The combined treatment showed synergistic effects, reducing Cr by 73%, Cu by 90.2%, and Pb by 36.6%. Biomass analysis indicated significant growth, with S. molesta showing the highest increase (89%). These findings highlight the potential of aquatic plants as low-cost, eco-friendly phytoremediators for batik industry wastewater. While S. molesta was most effective for Cr, H. verticillata performed better for Pb, and mixed treatments enhanced Cu removal, emphasizing the importance of species selection and combinations in phytoremediation strategies. © 2025 Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania. All rights reserved.
Program Study of Environmental Engineering, Brawijaya University, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Faculty of Environment, Ha Long University, Uông Bí, 258 Bạch Đằng, Nam Khê, Quảng Ninh, Viet Nam
