Olly Indrajani, Aditya T. Hernowo, Christyanita P. Ekasari, Ricki Yudhanata, Sutiman B. Sumitro
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition with limited treatment options that often lead to significant morbidity. Oxyhydrogen nanobubbles (HHOnb), a form of ultrafine gas-in-liquid dispersion containing hydrogen and oxygen, have shown potential therapeutic benefits due to their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This exploratory case series investigates the effects of intravenous HHOnb therapy in three patients with varying stages of CKD. Methods: Three patients with CKD underwent a series of ten HHOnb infusions over a period of two to three months. The patients, aged 43–70, presented with additional comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and polycystic kidney disease. Clinical parameters, including glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum creatinine, blood pressure, and uric acid levels, were monitored alongside subjective health improvements. Results: Patient A. A 70-year-old woman with CKD grade 3a experienced a reduction in serum creatinine from 0.98 mg/dL to 0.82 mg/dL and an improvement in GFR from 59 mL/min/1.73 m² to 73.2 mL/min/1.73 m². She reported reduced leg swelling and increased vitality. Patient B. A 52-year-old man with CKD grade 4 and class III obesity showed a decrease in serum creatinine from 3.0 mg/dL to 2.86 mg/dL, an increase in GFR from 23 mL/min/1.73 m² to 24.4 mL/min/1.73 m², and improved sleep quality. Blood pressure reduced from 167/82 mmHg to 145/85 mmHg. Patient C. A 43-year-old man with CKD grade 4 and massive polycystic kidney disease reported reduced fatigue and normalized urination. His serum creatinine decreased from 3.26 mg/dL to 3.09 mg/dL, and his GFR improved from 22 mL/min/1.73 m² to 23.6 mL/min/1.73 m². Conclusion: Although based on a small number of cases, this preliminary case series suggests that intravenous HHOnb therapy may provide renal and systemic benefits in CKD patients. Further controlled and larger-scale studies are necessary to validate these findings and assess long-term safety and efficacy. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.
Indonesian Molecule Institute, East Java, Malang, 65151, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Sleman, 55584, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
