Devin Jaya Nugraha, Novanto Yudistira, Agus Wahyu Widodo
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in ophthalmology, primarily resulting from damage to the optic nerve. Early detection is crucial but remains challenging due to the inherent class imbalance in glaucoma fundus image datasets. This study addresses this limitation by applying a weighted loss function to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), evaluated on the standardized SMDG-19 dataset, which integrates data from 19 publicly available sources. Key performance metrics including recall, F1-score, precision, accuracy, and AUC were analyzed, and interpretability was assessed using Grad-CAM.The results demonstrate that recall increased from 60.3% to 87.3%, representing a relative improvement of 44.75%, while F1-score improved from 66.5% to 71.4% (＋7.25%). Minor trade-offs were observed in precision, which declined from 74.5% to 69.6% (−6.53%), and in accuracy, which dropped from 84.2% to 80.7% (−4.10%). In contrast, AUC rose from 84.2% to 87.4%, reflecting a relative gain of 3.21%. Grad-CAM visualizations showed consistent focus on clinically relevant regions of the optic nerve head, underscoring the effectiveness of the weighted loss strategy in improving both the performance and interpretability of CNN-based glaucoma detection systems. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran 8, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
