Zubair Hashmi, Faizah Metali, Muhamad Amin, Muhammad Saifullah Abu Bakar, Yusuf Wibisono, Wahyunanto Agung Nugroho, Muhammad Roil Bilad
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) offer a transformative approach to sustainable fish and shrimp farming by minimizing water use, enabling high-density production, and providing precise environmental control. Between 2020 and 2025, innovations such as low-head oxygenation, modular biofilters, integrated microalgae units, AI-driven feeding, and cold atmospheric plasma disinfection improved efficiency, biosecurity, and sustainability. This review synthesizes advances in engineering design, water quality management, automation, species-specific welfare optimization, and economic performance. Integrating microalgae and microbial consortia enhances nutrient recycling, CO₂ sequestration, oxygen production, and biofilter resilience, advancing zero-waste objectives. Concurrently, optimized flow regimes, lighting, and feeding protocols improve growth performance and welfare across species. Despite progress, challenges in energy intensity, microbial stability, system complexity, and cost scalability remain. Future directions include renewable energy integration, standardized protocols, interdisciplinary training, and supportive policies to accelerate adoption of circular, precision aquaculture. This review provides a critical resource in designing resilient, next-generation RAS. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Faculty of Applied Science and Education, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Jl. Pemuda No 59A, Mataram, 83126, Indonesia
