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Saravanan, Saman Sargazi, Tanmay Sarkar, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Arash Sarveazad, Michele Sassano, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Reza Sattarpour, Jennifer Saulam, Monika Sawhney, Juhi Saxena, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Christophe Schinckus, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Austin E Schumacher, Durairaj Sekar, Saravanan Sekaran, Mario Šekerija, Mohammad H Semreen, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Pallav Sengupta, Yigit Can Senol, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Dragos Serban, Yashendra Sethi, Seyed Mohammad Seyed Alshohadaei, Homa Seyedmirzaei, Allen Seylani, Maryam Shabany, Mahan Shafie, Muhammad Shahab, Ataollah Shahbandi, Samiah Shahid, Syed Ahsan Ahsan Shahid, Hamid R Shahsavari, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Elahe Shams, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Anas Shamsi, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Dan Shan, Mohd Shanawaz, Abhishek Shankar, Mohammed Shannawaz, Nigussie Tadesse Sharew, Amin Sharifan, Manoj Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, 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Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Accurate cancer burden information is crucial for policy planning, but many countries do not have up-to-date cancer surveillance data. To inform global cancer-control efforts, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework to generate and analyse estimates of cancer burden for 47 cancer types or groupings by age, sex, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, cancer burden attributable to selected risk factors from 1990 to 2023, and forecasted cancer burden up to 2050. Methods: Cancer estimation in GBD 2023 used data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Cancer mortality was estimated using ensemble models, with incidence informed by mortality estimates and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Prevalence estimates were generated from modelled survival estimates, then multiplied by disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We used the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework to estimate cancer burden attributable to 44 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. To forecast cancer burden from 2024 to 2050, we used the GBD 2023 forecasting framework, which included forecasts of relevant risk factor exposures and used Socio-demographic Index as a covariate for forecasting the proportion of each cancer not affected by these risk factors. Progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4 aim to reduce non-communicable disease mortality by a third between 2015 and 2030 was estimated for cancer. Findings: In 2023, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, there were 18·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 16·4 to 20·7) incident cases of cancer and 10·4 million (9·65 to 10·9) deaths, contributing to 271 million (255 to 285) DALYs globally. Of these, 57·9% (56·1 to 59·8) of incident cases and 65·8% (64·3 to 67·6) of cancer deaths occurred in low-income to upper-middle-income countries based on World Bank income group classifications. Cancer was the second leading cause of deaths globally in 2023 after cardiovascular diseases. There were 4·33 million (3·85 to 4·78) risk-attributable cancer deaths globally in 2023, comprising 41·7% (37·8 to 45·4) of all cancer deaths. Risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 72·3% (57·1 to 86·8) from 1990 to 2023, whereas overall global cancer deaths increased by 74·3% (62·2 to 86·2) over the same period. The reference forecasts (the most likely future) estimate that in 2050 there will be 30·5 million (22·9 to 38·9) cases and 18·6 million (15·6 to 21·5) deaths from cancer globally, 60·7% (41·9 to 80·6) and 74·5% (50·1 to 104·2) increases from 2024, respectively. These forecasted increases in deaths are greater in low-income and middle-income countries (90·6% [61·0 to 127·0]) compared with high-income countries (42·8% [28·3 to 58·6]). Most of these increases are likely due to demographic changes, as age-standardised death rates are forecast to change by –5·6% (–12·8 to 4·6) between 2024 and 2050 globally. Between 2015 and 2030, the probability of dying due to cancer between the ages of 30 years and 70 years was forecasted to have a relative decrease of 6·5% (3·2 to 10·3). Interpretation: Cancer is a major contributor to global disease burden, with increasing numbers of cases and deaths forecasted up to 2050 and a disproportionate growth in burden in countries with scarce resources. The decline in age-standardised mortality rates from cancer is encouraging but insufficient to meet the SDG target set for 2030. Effectively and sustainably addressing cancer burden globally will require comprehensive national and international efforts that consider health systems and context in the development and implementation of cancer-control strategies across the continuum of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Funding: Gates Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, and St Baldrick's Foundation. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China; Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada; Institute of Health, Jimma University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Department of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia; Health Department, Diabetes Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Midwifery, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India; Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda; FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Immunology, Cancer Science Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Oral Pathology/Cancer Diagnostics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Research Team, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India; Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; World Health Organization, World Health Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Research and Development Department, Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; Microbiological Analysis Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, South Korea; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Bowen University Hospital, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen, Sana'a, Yemen; Fundamentals and Administration Department, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Information Science Department, Kuwait University, Sabah Alsalem University City, Kuwait; Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Uganda; Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Pathological Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Immunology Department, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Operations Department, Breast Without Spot, Enugu, Nigeria; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiology, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan; Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, India; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Psychological Science, ACAP University College, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Management Policy and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Surgery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru; Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University -Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan; Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Directorate of Quality Assurance, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India; Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Horus University Egypt, Damietta, Egypt; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia; Taleghani anesthesiologist, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, United States; Clinical Research Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Surgery, Global Surgery, Emergency Medicine Department, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research in Surgical Care Delivery in LMICs, Mumbai, India; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas, Brownsville, TX, United States; DEpartmenet of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Federal Univeristy Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, Puducherry, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Epidemiology ang Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Avicenna Biotech Research, Germantown, MD, United States; Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran; Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (University Hospital Santa Fe Foundation of Bogotá), Bogota, Colombia; Subdirectorate of Clinical Studies and Clinical Epidemiology, Hospital Universitorio Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India; Community Health Department, University of South Wales, South Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service (BRWS), Kolkata, India; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Health Administration, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Venice, Italy; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Higher Institute of Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramanathapuram, India; Department of Demography and Population Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali (Santiago de Cali University), Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Sétif, Algeria; University Eye Hospital, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Forlì-Cesena, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Institute of Public Goods and Policies, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy; Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy; Joint School of Public Health, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; EPI, Oromia Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea; College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Mathematics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Ophthalmology Department, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Biochemistry Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur, Hajipur, India; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nuclear Medicine Deparment, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Departamento de Responsabilidade Social (Department of Social Responsibility), Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare, Joanna Briggs Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Bowen University Iwo, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Clinical Pathology Department-Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Basic Medical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Department of Education, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Research, UChicago Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Division of Community Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Division of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Family Medicine, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, United Kingdom; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University System of Georgia, Statesboro, GA, United States; Pharmacy Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Primary Health Care Network Management, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy, Italy; Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; James Cancer Hospital at The Ohio State University, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of General Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Neurology, Public Health and Disability, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Hematology/Oncology, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India; College of health sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Study Desk, Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan; School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy; Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Department of Life Sciences, Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy; Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, Ravenna, AUSL della Romagna, Italy; Family medicine department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Department of Gastroenterology, Cangnan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Health Direction, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Divison of Epidemology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Group Health Department, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China; Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico; Neurosurgery Department, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Global Virus Network, Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Department of Liver Tumor, Cancer Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Liver Transplant Unit, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Midwifery, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health, Green International University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Public Health, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Public Health Department, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Research Centre, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Sciences Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Virology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, khoramabad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Head, Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Artur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Safety and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departamento de Gastroenterologia (Department of Gastroenterology), Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Health Policy and Management Department, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, Scotland; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Neurosurgery, Universitas Sebelas Maret (March Eleventh University), Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Coimbatore, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Health Informatics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Surgery, National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India; School of Biology and Engineering (School of Health Medicine Modern Industry), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Life Science, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; SUNY Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States; Microbiology and Immunology Department, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, India; Department of Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom; Osun State Hospital Management Board, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Research center for Neuromodulation and Pain, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of General Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Adult Health Nursing Department, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, West Hararghe, Ethiopia; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, West Hararghe, Ethiopia; Department of Human Nutrition, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Health Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Rabat, Morocco; Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; BDStatistics Center for Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Academy of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurosurgery Department, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Health and Healing Research, Education and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Centre for Digital Transformation, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Public Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Institute for Health Sciences, STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medicana Health International, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; Department of Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; International Society of Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Asbestos and Dust Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Health Management Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Tsinghua Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania; College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Basic Medical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Radiology Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Research, Kayd Consultancy, Garowe, Somalia; Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Orthopaedic Department, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cardiology, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Uttar Pradesh, India; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, Egypt; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (University of Airlangga), Surabaya, Indonesia; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania; Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Amir Oncology Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Hoch St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Division of Forensic Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States; International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; General Administration Department, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sedr, Egypt; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, United States; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Global Surgical Initiative, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medicine, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States; Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Information Technology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Mathematics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Occupational Therapy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e-Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Duhok University, Duhok, Iraq; University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States; Department Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation; Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, India; College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea; Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China; Zilber College of Public Health, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Research and Innovation Center, Dalhousie University, Kigali, Rwanda; African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Euromed Research center, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Research, Innovation and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Radiology Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Humanities and Social Science, University for International Studies in Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Public Health, UNICAF, Larnaca, Cyprus; Research Department, JFI Consults Ltd, Kigali, Rwanda; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Sheffield Centre for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Division of Nephrology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Julius Global Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University Iwo, Iwo, Nigeria; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Computational Biology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute (EMBRAPA), Campinas, Brazil; Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq; ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana; Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Anesthesiology Department of The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Biel/Biene, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Digestive Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Department of Human Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, MI, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India; Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baruch S Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States; Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical and Surgical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Independent Consultant, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Microbiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Medical Oncology Lab, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; The Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biology, University of Raparin, Rania, Iraq; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Faculty of Health Sciences, Qaiwan International University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Community Medicine, Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College and Hospital, Dhanbad, India; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Colorectal Surgery, North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Carlisle, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India; Department of Oral Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India; Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Physiotherapy, DIT University, Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Nursing in Women's Health, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Vaccination Research Observatory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India; Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Computer, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gda?sk, Poland; Institute of Food Technology & Nutrition Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Health Education & Promotion, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Surgical Department, North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Pharmacy Study Program, Udayana University, Badung, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Maternal, Fetal, Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan; Food Processing and Nutrition, Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women's University, Vijayapura, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Department of Finance, International School of Management, Paris, France; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Fourth Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Department of Community Health, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sina Trauma Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; State Key Laboratories of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing University Of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Regenerative Medicine Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Health Education & Promotion, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; General Surgery Department, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski”, Sofia, Bulgaria; Alimentary Tract Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Kenneth H. Cooper Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Passaic, NJ, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Global Observatory on Pollution and Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States; ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna, Nigeria; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Indonesia Maju, Jakarta, Indonesia; School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; University Diabetes Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Clinical Pathology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia; Hospital Central Laboratory, Dr Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environmental Management, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Outpatient Department, Wollega University, Bedele Town, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Industrial Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Miami, FL, United States; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's Hospital, Patanamthitta, India; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Department of Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Interdisciplinary Health Data Center, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands; Faculty of Public Health, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Federal University of Health Sciences Azare, Federal Teaching Hospital, Azare, Nigeria; Federal Teaching Hospital Azare, Federal Medical Centre, Azare, Nigeria; Department of Oncology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Community medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin (Jose de San Martín Clinical Hospital), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Occupational Medicine Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; Department of Mother Child Health, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Research Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation; Scientific Laboratory of Neurolinguistic and Cognitive Research, ?eoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang City, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Internal Medicine Department, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Western Institute of Digital-Intelligent Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Biostatics, Epidemiology and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Surgical Oncology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Basic Sciences Department, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Victorian Cancer Registry, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guang Zhou, China; School of Global health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Department of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; College of Medicine, Sulaiman Alrajhi University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Applied Science Research Centre, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
