Nur Hazzarita Mohd Nasir, Fathoni Usman, Nur'atiah Zaini, Fadly Usman
Energy infrastructure systems faced increasing exposure to natural disasters and climate-related hazards, which placed their operational reliability and resilience at risk. In response, geospatial analysis emerged as a powerful tool for vulnerability assessment, enabling spatially explicit modelling of hazard exposure, system sensitivity, and adaptive capacity across various geographic scales. This paper presented a comprehensive review of scholarly literature on geospatial-based vulnerability assessments of energy infrastructure. The review synthesized geospatial methodologies, including GIS, remote sensing, integrated modelling approaches used to assess infrastructure vulnerability, and identified key research gaps and emerging trends. The findings revealed that energy systems experienced increasing exposure to multi-hazards threads, and that a methodological shift occurred from static models to dynamic, hybrid, and AI-driven frameworks. These advances enhanced the accuracy and adaptability of vulnerability assessments. However, significant gaps remained, especially in real-time data integration, multi-hazard and multi-dimensional modelling, and the inclusion of socio-economic dimensions. Lastly, this paper provided a thematic synthesis that guided future research directions and offered actionable insights for developing adaptive, modular, and climate-resilient infrastructure assessment frameworks. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.
College of Graduate Studies, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia; Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia; Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia; Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indo Global Mandiri, Palembang, 30129, Indonesia; Department Urban and Regional Planning, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65141, Indonesia
