Mohsen Naghavi, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Bhoomadevi A, Mohammad Amin Aalipour, Hasan Aalruz, Hazim S. Ababneh, Bedru J. Abafita, Ukachukwu O. Abaraogu, Cristiana Abbafati, Madineh Abbasi, Faezeh Abbaspour, Hedayat Abbastabar, Abdallah H. A. Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Ashraf Nabiel Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdalla, Emad M. Abdallah, Barkhad Aden Abdeeq, Nadin M. I. Abdel Razeq, Ahmed Abdelrahman Abdelgalil, Reda Abdel-Hameed, Michael Abdelmasseh, Mahmoud Abdelnabi, Wael M. Abdel-Rahman, Arman Abdous, Mostafa M. Abdrabou, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Toufik Abdul-Rahman, Habtamu Abebe Getahun, Aidin Abedi, Armita Abedi, Parisa Abedi, Asrat Agalu Abejew, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Shehab Uddin Al Abid, Syed Hani Abidi, Alemwork Abie, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Shady Abohashem, Hassan Abolhassani, Ulric Sena Abonie, Nagah M. Abourashed, Mohamed Abouzid, Dmitry Abramov, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Dariush Abtahi, Rana Kamal Abu Farha, Fuad Hamdi A. Abuadas, Aminu Kende Abubakar, Nermeen Abu-Elala, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Sawsan Abuhammad, Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa, Hana J. Abukhadijah, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Salahdein Aburuz, Dina Abushanab, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya, Apurba Acharya, Ousman Adal, Lisa C. Adams, Abdu A. Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo, Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Oluwatobi E. Adegbile, Nurudeen A. Adegoke, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Bulcha Guye Adema, Bashir Aden, Isaac Ayodeji Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Mache Tsadik Adhana, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Usha Adiga, Tanin Adl Parvar, Mohd Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Prince Owusu Adoma, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, David Adzrago, Giuseppina Affinito, Ahmed M. Afifi, Clifford Afoakwah, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Vlad-Adrian Afrăsânie, Saira Afzal, Gizachew Beykaso Agafari, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Thilini Chanchala Agampodi, Navidha Aggarwal, Mahdi Aghaalikhani, Sepehr Aghajanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Feleke Doyore Agide, César Agostinis Sobrinho, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Mahsa Ahadi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Faisal Ahmad, Ijaz Ahmad, Khabir Ahmad, Khurshid Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Waqas Ahmad, Negar Sadat Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Gasha Salih Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Junaid Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, MD Faisal Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed, Sindew Mahmud Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Gulzhanat Aimagambetova, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Saeid Akbarifard, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Ruslan Akhmedullin, Olufemi Ambrose Akinkuotu, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Wole Akosile, Ashley E. Akrami, Ralph Kwame Akyea, Alaa Al Amiry, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Ammar Al Homsi, Mohammad Khaled Al Nawayseh, Omar Al Omari, Zain Al Ta'ani, Yazan Al Thaher, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Mousa Ali Al-Abbadi, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Manjurul Alam, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Mostafa Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer, Abebaw Alamrew, Amani Alansari, Turki M. Alanzi, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Mohammed Albashtawy, Wafa A. Aldhaleei, Mohammed S. Aldossary, Robert W. Aldridge, Shereen M. Aleidi, Bezawit Abeje Alemayehu, Fentahun Alemnew, Melaku Birhanu Alemu, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Ali M. Alfalki, Fahad D. Algahtani, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Khairat Al-Habbal, Nma Bida Alhaji, Samar Al-Hajj, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Khalid A. Alhasan, Ashraf Alhumaidi, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, Amjad Ali, Haroon Muhammad Ali, Irfan Ali, Liaqat Ali, Maratab Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Shahid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Montaha Al-Iede, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Hamid Alinejad Rokny, Morteza Alipour, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Mohamad Aljofan, Moath Saleh Aljohani, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ahmad Alkhatib, Mustafa Alkhawam, Peter Allebeck, Khaled S. Allemailem, Mohammed Z. Allouh, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Sabah Al-Marwani, Nihad A. Almasri, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Omar Almidani, Amr Almobayed, Khaldoon Aied Alnawafleh, Hasan Yaser Alniss, Margret Beaula Alocious Sukumar, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Mohammad R. Alosta, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Saleh A. Alqahtani, Mohammad R. Alqudimat, Ahmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat, Intima Alrimawi, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Mohammed A. Alsabri, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Alaa B. Al-Tammemi, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Malik A. Althobiani, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Javier Alvarez-Galvez, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Hosam Alzahrani, Karem H. Alzoubi, Adel Sharaf Al-Zubairi, Ekiyor Joseph Amafah, Joy Amafah, Reza Amani-Beni, Faten Amer, Bardia Amidi, Amr Amin, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Saeed Amini, Ehsan Amini-Salehi, Majid Aminzare, Sohrab Amiri, Joanne O. Amlag, Dickson A. Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Filippos Anagnostakis, Roshan A. Ananda, Nazanin Anaraki, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B. Anderson, Nguyen Hoang Anh, Abdul-Azeez Adeyemi Anjorin, Samuel Egyakwa Ankomah, Kabilan Annadurai, Sumbul Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Catherine M. Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Shahnawaz Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Francis Appiah, Juan Pablo Arab, Hossein Arabi, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Daniel T. Araki, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Getnet Mesfin Aregu, Jorge Arias de la Torre, Ghazal Arjmand, Benedetta Armocida, Johan Ärnlöv, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A. Artamonov, Ashokan Arumugam, Deepavalli Arumuganainar, Umesh Raj Aryal, Nurila Aryntayeva, Mahsa Asadi Anar, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Mulusew Andualem A. Asemahagn, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Syed Amir Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Mitra Ashrafi, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Saeed Aslani, Yuni Asri, Batyrbek Assembekov, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Alok Atreya, Julie Alaere Atta, Zeenah A. Atwan, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Marcel Ausloos, Abolfazl Avan, Núbia Carelli Pereira Avelar, Sana Javaid Awan, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Lemessa Assefa A. Ayana, Haleh Ayatollahi, Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Arian Azadnia, James Mba Azam, Alireza Azarboo, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Amirali Azimi, Farya Azimi, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Amin Azizan, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Youngoh Bae, Arvind Bagga, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagheri, Elahe Baghizadeh, Fereshteh Baghizadeh, Sana Baghizadeh, Khlood K. Baghlaf, Najmeh Bahmanziari, Ruhai Bai, Mohamed Ibrahem Baklola, Abdulaziz T. Bako, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Maher Balkis, Jose Balmori-de-la-Miyar, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Palash Chandra Banik, Noel C. Barengo, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Sandra Barteit, Lingkan Barua, MD Abu Bashar, Shahid Bashir, Guido Basile, Rehana Basri, Quique Bassat, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Abdul-Monim Batiha, Kavita Batra, Matteo Bauckneht, Mahdis Bayat, Mohammad Amin Bayat Tork, Thomas Beaney, Neeraj Bedi, Narasimha M. Beeraka, Massimiliano Beghi, Jina Behjati, Bezawit K. Bekele, Almaz Nibret Belay, Demeke Mesfin Belay, Asnake Gashaw Belayneh, Melesse Belayneh, Abel Cherkos Belete, Gokce Belge Bilgin, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Riyad Bendardaf, Isabela M. Bensenor, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune, Maria Bergami, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Abiye Assefa Berihun, Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez, Robert S. Bernstein, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Paola Bertuccio, Paulo J. G. Bettencourt, Ajeet Singh Bhadoria, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Buna Bhandari, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Charmi Bhanushali, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Anup Bhat, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Soumitra S. Bhuyan, Haoran Bi, Sibhatu Kassa Biadgilign, Raluca Bievel-Radulescu, Naif Kandash Binsaleh, Catherine Bisignano, Atanu Biswas, Bijit Biswas, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Ahmad Naoras Bitar, Molalegne Bitew, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Tone Bjørge, Virginia Bodolica, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Lucimere Bohn, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Paria Bolourinejad, Aime Bonny, Sri Harsha Boppana, Hamed Borhany, Mina Borran, Sudipta Bose, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Soufiane Boufous, Christopher Boxe, Dejana Braithwaite, Luisa C. Brant, Michael Brauer, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Edmond D. Brewer, Maria L. Bringas Vega, Julie Brown, Annie J. Browne, Traolach Brugha, Raffaele Bugiardini, Norma B. Bulamu, Tsion Samuel Bunare, Danilo Buonsenso, Richard A. Burns, Akeem Olayinka Busari, Felix Busch, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A. Butt, Sanjay C J, Tianji Cai, Rose Cairns, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Fan Cao, Si Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan Jesus Carrero, Andrea Carugno, Andre F. Carvalho, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Ana Paula Carvalho-e-Silva, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L. Catapano, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Muthia Cenderadewi, Kelly M. Cercy, Ester Cerin, Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Joht Singh Chandan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Miyuru Chandradasa, Baskaran Chandrasekaran, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Akhilanand Chaurasia, An-Tian Chen, Catherine S. Chen, Guangjin Chen, Haiyan Chen, Hana Chen, Haowei Chen, Hui Chen, Rucheng Chen, Shanquan Chen, Simiao Chen, Xiang Chen, Haojin Cheng, Ka Ching Cheung, Nicholas WS Chew, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Izumi Chihara, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Patrick R. Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C. S. Cho, Bryan Chong, Yuen Yu Chong, Hou In Chou, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Sreshtha Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Ting-Wu Chuang, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Erin Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero, Cain C. T. Clark, Fred Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Joao Conde, Stephen E. Congly, Nathalie Conrad, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Alexandru Corlateanu, Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Claudia Cosma, Ewerton Cousin, Emma Johnson Cowart, Michael H. Criqui, Andrew Crist, Jessica A. Cruz, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Xiaolin Cui, Garland T. Culbreth, Patricia Cullen, Matthew Cunningham, Nour Dababo, Ali Dabbagh, Omid Dadras, Tukur Dahiru, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Mayank Dalakoti, Koustuv Dalal, Gloria Dalla Costa, Emanuele D'Amico, Roy Arokiam Daniel, Lucio D'Anna, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel E. Danso, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Latefa Ali Dardas, Chengetai Dare, Bahar Darouei, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Sayan Kumar Das, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dimash Davletov, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Edward Christopher Dee, Sindhura Deekonda, Amanda Deen, Louisa Degenhardt, Paria Dehesh, Pouria Delbari, Laura Delgado-Ortiz, Mohammad Delsoz, Andreas K. Demetriades, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Tadios Niguss Derese, Ismail Dergaa, Kebede Deribe, Hunegnaw Almaw Derseh, Nikolaos Dervenis, Emina Dervišević, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Abraham Aregay Desta, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Sreedhar Dharmagadda, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Bibha Dhungel, Marcello Di Pumpo, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Luis Antonio Diaz, Kimia Didehvar, Elangovan Dilipan, Lauren K. Dillard, Xueting Ding, Saeid Doaei, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Mario D'Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, E Ray Dorsey, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Robert Kokou Dowou, Menayit Tamrat Dresse, Tim Robert Driscoll, Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Jiang Du, John Dube, Judy R. Dubno, Emeka W. Dumbili, Samuel C. Dumith, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Ashit Kumar Dutta, Siddhartha Dutta, Sulagna Dutta, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Ejemai Eboreime, Lamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim, Alireza Ebrahimi, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, David Edvardsson, Ferry Efendi, Behrad Eftekhari, Foolad Eghbali, Ashkan Eighaei Sedeh, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Abdelfatteh EL Omri, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Reza Elahi, Said El-Ashker, Rana Elbeshbeishy, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elhoumed, Waseem El-Huneidi, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Rami Elmorsi, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Gihan ELNahas, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Abdelgawad Salah Eltahawy, Tadele Emagneneh, Misganu Endriyas, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Derese Eshetu, Majid Eslami, Narges Eslami, Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo, Kara Estep, Oghenowede Eyawo, Ugochukwu Anthony Eze, Elochukwu Ezenwankwo, Heidar Fadavian, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Ayesha Fahim, Saman Fahimi, Aamir Fahira, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Luca Falzone, Qiping Fan, Mohammad Farahmand, Ali Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Zaki Farhana, Liliana Faria, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Andre Faro, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Hossein Farrokhpour, Fatemeh Farshad, Farima Farsi, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Ali Fatehizadeh, Davood Fathi, Zareen Fatima, Mohammad Fayaz, Pooria Fazeli, Valery L. Feigin, Alireza Feizkhah, Gelana Fekadu, Ginenus Fekadu, Ulrich Membe Femoe, Talukdar Raian Ferdous, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Pietro Ferrara, Alize J. Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Alexander Finnemore, Claudio Fiorilla, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Federica Fogacci, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Marco Fonzo, Lisa M. Force, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Maryam Fotouhi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Richard Charles Franklin, Alberto Freitas, Jinming Fu, Takeshi Fukumoto, Ami Fukunaga, John E. Fuller, Sridevi G, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A. Gadanya, Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka, Lebo Francina Gafane-Matemane, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Dinara Galiyeva, Silvano Gallus, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Balasankar Ganesan, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Xiang Gao, Yijie Gao, Bashiru Garba, Miguel Garcia-Argibay, David Garcia-Azorin, William M. Gardner, Wendy Paola Gastélum Espinoza, Zisis Gatzioufas, Prem Gautam, Rupesh K. Gautam, Bamba Gaye, Hong-Han Ge, Feven Sahle Gebre, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Miesa Gelchu, Stefano Gelibter, Nsikakabasi Samuel George, Lemma Getacher, Genanew K. Getahun, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Peter W. Gething, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Fataneh Ghadirian, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Arin Ghamkhar, Shakiba Ghasemi Assl, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sama Ghoba, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Zainab Gholami, Nasim Gholizadeh, Zeinab Ghorbani, Elena Ghotbi, Arun Ghuge, Alessandro Gialluisi, Konstantinos Giannakis, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Tiffany K. Gill, Bikash Ranjan Giri, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Laszlo Göbölös, Anil Kumar Goel, Archit Goel, Rajesh Kumar Goel, Lay Hoon Goh, Kimiya Gohari, Mahaveer Golechha, Ali Golestani, Davide Golinelli, Melika Golmohammadi, Wenping Gong, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ayman Grada, Simon Matthew Graham, Michal Grivna, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Sheffali Gulati, Sasidhar Gunturu, Cui Guo, Xingzhi Guo, Zhaoyu Guo, Zhifeng Guo, Bhawna Gupta, Gaurav Gupta, Lalit Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Abrham Tesfaye Habteyes, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Tesfahun Simon Hadaro, Najah R. Hadi, Zahra Hadian, Abdul Hafiz, Sarah Hafsia, Faraidoon Haghdoost, Arian Haghtalab, Nguyen Hai Nam, Addisalem Haile, Demewoz Haile, Pritam Halder, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Islam M. Hamad, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Erin B. Hamilton, Ahmad Hammoud, Chieh Han, Hannah Han, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Fahad Hanna, Ashanul Haque, Md Nuruzzaman Haque, Obaid I. Haque, Arief Hargono, Andy Martahan Andreas Hariandja, Josep Maria Haro, Ashley Ann Harris, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Faizul Hasan, Md Kamrul Hasan, Towhid Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Ali Hasanpour- Dehkordi, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Nada Tawfig Hashim, Ammarah Hasnain, Abbas M. Hassan, Amr Hassan, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Omed Hassan Ahmed, Yusuf Hassan Wada, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Soheil Hassanipour, Lasanthi Wathsala Hathagoda, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Youssef Hbid, Jiawei He, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Mojtaba Heydari, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Nobuyuki Horita, Alamgir Hossain, Lubna Hossain, Md Belal Hossain, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Priya Hotwani, Hanno Hoven, Chengxi Hu, Yifei Hu, Junjie Huang, Weijun Huang, Yefei Huang, Yuting Huang, Zhenyao Huang, Mega Hasanul Huda, Ayesha Humayun, Waqar Husain, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Nawfal R. Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Luigi Francesco Iannone, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Khalid S. Ibrahim, Ramzi Ibrahim, Reem Ibrahim, Umar Idris Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Fidelia Ida, Kevin S. Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Muhammad Hamza Ilyas, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Masoud Imani, Lucius Chidiebere Imoh, Arit Inok, Meesha Iqbal, Mujahid Iqbal, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Benni Iskandar, Teresa R. Iskander, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Shahinul Islam, Md Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Vinothini J, Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Ali Jadidi, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Mohammadsadegh Jafari, Morteza Jafarinia, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Shabbar Jaffar, Haitham Jahrami, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Vikash Jaiswal, Sanobar Jaka, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Mohamed Jalloh, Armaan Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Jerin James, Hasan Jamil, Safayet Jamil, Roland Dominic G. Jamora, Masoud Jamshidi, Shaghayegh JamshidiRastabi, Rajiv Janardhanan, Chinmay T. Jani, Esmaeil Jarrahi, Tahereh Javaheri, Syed Sarmad Javaid, Anita Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Talha Jawaid, Qassim Jawell Odah Abed, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe, Sun Ha Jee, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Diptismita Jena, Seogsong Jeong, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Min Jiang, Wenyi Jin, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jost B. Jonas, Tamas Joo, Abu Jor, Abel Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Meha Joshi, George Joy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Vaishali K, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Dler H Hussein Kadir, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Rizwan Kalani, Khalil Kalavani, Feroze Kaliyadan, Sanjay Kalra, Md Moustafa Kamal, Mehnaz Kamal, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Rajesh Kamath, Saltanat Kamenova, Arun Kamireddy, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Devanish Narasimhasanth Kamtam, Naser Kamyari, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Mona Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kanaan, Jiseung Kang, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Rami S. Kantar, Debasish Kar, Sujita Kumar Kar, Paschalis Karakasis, Jafar Karami, Reema A. Karasneh, Mohammad Amin Karimi, Salah Eddin Karimi, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Adarsh Katamreddy, Joonas H. Kauppila, Kanica Kaushal, Foad Kazemi, Nastaran Kazemi Rad, Sina Kazemian, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Yabets Tesfaye Kebede, Tibebeselassie S. Keflie, Swetha N. Kempegowda, Salima Kerai, Jessica A. Kerr, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Kamyab Keshtkar, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Reza Khademi, Yousef Saleh Khader, Sidra Khalid, Hazim O. Khalifa, Anas Husam Khalifeh, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Anita Khalili, Pantea Khalili, Alireza Khalilian, Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha, Mohamed Khalis, Faham Khamesipour, Ajmal Khan, Fayaz Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Iman Waheed Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Muhammad Hamza Khan, Muhammad Mueed Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Salman Ali Khan, Serab Khan, Sumaiya Khan, Ubaid Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Zahid Khan, Vishnu Khanal, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Sameer Uttamaro Khasbage, Zenith Khashim, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Kavin Khatri, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Khalid A. Kheirallah, Sunil Kumar Khokhar, Najmaddin Salih Husen Khoshnaw, Atulya Aman Khosla, Ardeshir Khosravi, Farbod Khosravi, Sepehr Khosravi, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, P Ratan Khuman, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Hye Jun Kim, Jinho Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Tadele Kinati, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kini B, Mary Kirk, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Tegene Atamenta Kitaw, Mika Kivimäki, Abdul Basith KM, Shivakumar KM, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Nazarii Kobyliak, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Prakash Babu Kodali, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Diana Gladys Kolieghu Tcheumeni, Kairi Kolves, Joyce Komesuor, Farzad Kompani, Aida Kondybayeva, Isaac Koomson, Gerbrand Koren, Tapos Kormoker, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Soewarta Kosen, Karel Kostev, Parvaiz A. Koul, Irene Akwo Kretchy, James-Paul Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Chong-Han Kua, Ananya Kuanar, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Shweta Kulshreshtha, Dewesh Kumar, Dhasarathi Kumar, Jogender Kumar, Kamal Kumar, Mukesh Kumar, Nitesh Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Tarun Kumar, Tushar Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Vikash Kumar, Subramanian Kumaran, Jibin Kunjavara, Setor K. Kunutsor, Almagul Kurmanova, Om P. Kurmi, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Krishna Prasad Kurpad, Asep Kusnali, Christina Yeni Kustanti, Dian Kusuma, Tezer Kutluk, Assylkhan Kuttybayev, Evans F. Kyei, Grace Kwakyewaa Kyei, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Pallavi L C, Adriano La Vecchia, Carlo La Vecchia, Alessio Lachi, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Abraham K. 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Sherchan, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Shiran Shetty, Fanchao Shi, Fang Shi, Amir Shiani, Belayneh Fentahun Shibesh, Kenji Shibuya, Desalegn Shiferaw, Tariku Shimels, Md Monir Hossain Shimul, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Aminu Shittu, Abdul-karim Olayinka Shitu, Ivy Shiue, Velizar Shivarov, Nathan A. Shlobin, Ambreen Shoaib, Shayan Shojaei, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Suleiman Adeiza Shuaibu, Kerem Shuval, Zahra Siavashpour, Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Ahmed Kamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Padam Prasad Simkhada, Biagio Simonetti, Abhinav Singh, Amit Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Baljinder Singh, Bhim Pratap Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Harpreet Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Jawahar Singh, Kalpana Singh, Mayank Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Poornima Suryanath Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Rakesh K. Singh, Samer Singh, Satwinder Singh, Surendra Singh, Surjit Singh, Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Robert Sinto, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Dagne Feleke Siyoum, Natia Skhvitaridze, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A. Sleet, Mahdieh SobhZahedi, Marzieh Soheili, MdSalman Sohel, Somaye Sohrabi, Shipra Solanki, Lencho Kajela Solbana, Solikhah Solikhah, Sameh S. M. Soliman, Weiyi Song, Aayushi Sood, Prashant Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Reed J. D. Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Fernando Sousa, Marco Aurelio Sousa, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Ceren Soylu, Michael Spartalis, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Shyamkumar Sriram, Prateek Srivastav, Devin Bailey Srivastava, Lauryn K. Stafford, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Nadine Steckling-Muschack, Dan J. Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Jaimie D. Steinmetz, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Blossom Christa Maree Stephan, Aleksandar Stevanović, Leo Stockfelt, Sebastian Straube, Jacob L. Stubbs, Peter Stubbs, Omer Subasi, Narayan Subedi, Alisha Suhag, Hasnat Sujon, Thitiporn Sukaew, Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman, Auwal Garba Suleiman, Muritala Suleiman Odidi, Muhammad Suleman, Mark J. M. Sullman, Anusha Sultan Meo, Haitong Zhe Sun, Jing Sun, Mao-ling Sun, Xiaodong Sun, Xiaohui Sun, Zhong Sun, Zhuanlan Sun, Suraj Sundaragiri, Thanigaivel Sundaram, Johan Sundström, David Sunkersing, Sumam Sunny, Vinay Suresh, Hani Susianti, Chandan Kumar Swain, Vivianne M. Swart, Dayinta Annisa Syaiful, Tasmin L. Symons, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D. Szeto, Sree Sudha T Y, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei, Seyed Shahaboddin Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Shima Tabatabai, Celine Tabche, Mohammad Tabish, Takahiro Tabuchi, Getu Ferenji Tadesse, Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Jabeen Taiba, Shima Tajabadi, Iman M. Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Mohammad Tanashat, Haosu Tang, Mohsan Tanveer, Abiyu Abadi Tareke, Sarvenaz Taridashti, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Mengistie Kassahun Tariku, Saba Tariq, Aigul Yelgondiyevna Tazhiyeva, Tarilate Temedie-Asogwa, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Azimeraw Arega Tesfu, Nahom Worku Teshager, Gizachew A. Tessema, Jay Tewari, Alireza Teymouri, Chandan Kumar Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Ismaeel Tharwat, Samar Tharwat, Rasiah Thayakaran, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Manuel Sebastian Thomas, Wei Tian, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Madi Tleshev, Sojit Tomo, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khaled Trabelsi, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Tam Quoc Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Domenico Trico, Indang Trihandini, Manjari Tripathi, Tulika Tripathi, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Quynh Xuan Nguyen Truong, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Gary Tse, Vasilis-Spyridon Tseriotis, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Lorainne Tudor Car, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Zhouting Tuo, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Sok Cin Tye, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Atta Ullah, Himayat Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Hauwa Onozasi Umar, Lawan Umar, Muhammad Umar‡, Muhammad Umar§, Shehu Salihu Umar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Dinesh Upadhya, Era Upadhyay, Dipan Uppal, Daniele Urso, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Kelechi Julian Uzor, Hande Uzunçıbuk, Pratyusha Vadagam, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Pascual R. Valdez, Mario Valenti, Zahir Vally, Jef Van den Eynde, Javad Varasteh, Joe Varghese, Pavani Varma, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Sampara Vasishta, Srivatsa Surya Vasudevan, Alireza Vaysi, Siavash Vaziri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Madhur Verma, Megan Verma, Poonam Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Simone Vidale, Mathavaswami Vijayageetha, Simone Villa, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Leonardo Villani, David Villarreal-Zegarra, Francesco S. Violante, Senthil Visaga Ambi, Luciano Magalhães Vitorino, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Avina Vongpradith, Theo Vos, Mehdi Vosoughi, Elpida Vounzoulaki, Linh Vu, Isidora S. Vujcic, Krishna Dhavan Vyas, Henok Toga Wada, Yasir Waheed, Mohd Wahid, Mugi Wahidin, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Megha Walia, Jin-Yi Wan, Arvinder Wander, Fang Wang, Fulin Wang, Junshi Wang, Liang Wang, Qingzhi Wang, Ruixuan Wang, Shu Wang, Wanzhou Wang, Xing Wang, Xuequan Wang, Yan Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yichen Wang, Youxin Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Zhihua Wang, Tanveer A. Wani, Mary Njeri Wanjau, Ahmed Bilal Waqar, Muhammad Waqas, John W. Ward, Paul Ward, Toyiba Hiyaru Wassie, Stefanie Watson, Ishanka Weerasekara, Fei-Long Wei, Xueying Wei, Robert G. Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Eli J. Weiss, Katherine M. Wells, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Yohanes Cakrapradipta Wibowo, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Samuel Wiebe, Angga Wilandika, Peter Willeit, Shadrach Wilson, Andrew Awuah Wireko, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Abay Tadesse Woday, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Nathnael Abera Woldehana, Dawit Habte Woldeyes, Axel Walter Wolf, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Yen Jun Wong, Daniel Tarekegn Worede, Abdulhalik Workicho, Minichil Chanie Worku, Ai-Min Wu, Chenkai Wu, Felicia Wu, James Fan Wu, Jinyi Wu, Peng Wu, Zenghong Wu, Yihun Miskir Wubie, Ratna Dwi Wulandari, Zhijia Xia, Guangqin Xiao, Lishun Xiao, Na Xiao, Wanqing Xie, Site Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Yvonne Yiru Xu, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Vikas Yadav, Mahnaz Yadollahi, Saba Yahoo (Syed), Galal Yahya, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Guangcan Yan, Haibo Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Haiqiang Yao, Laiang Yao, Amir Yarahmadi, Habib Yaribeygi, Haya Yasin, Mohamed A. Yassin, Yuichi Yasufuku, Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Meghdad Yeganeh, Ali Cem Yekdeş, Mohammad Hossein YektaKooshali, Kuanysh A. Yergaliyev, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Saber Yezli, Siyan Yi, Dehui Yin, Paul Yip, Malede Berihun Yismaw, Yazachew Engida Yismaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z. Younis, Saideh Yousefi, Abdilahi Yousuf, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Hui Yuan, Faith H. Yuh, Ghazala Yunus, Umar Yunusa, Siddhesh Zadey, Vesna Zadnik, Mubashir Zafar, Manijeh Zaghampour, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Fathiah Zakham, Nazar Zaki, Giulia Zamagni, Nelson Zamora, Hussaini Zandam, Aurora Zanghì, Heather J. Zar, Kourosh Zarea, Mohammed Zawiah, Mohammed G. M. Zeariya, Abay Mulu Zenebe, Sebastian Zensen, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Eyael M. Zeru, Tiansong Zhan, Yongle Zhan, Beijian Zhang, Casper J. P. Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Julio Min Fei Zhang, Kexin Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Meixin Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Xiu-Hang Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Sholpan Bolatovna Zhangelova, Hanqing Zhao, Jianhui Zhao, Jiefeng Zhao, Yang Zhao, Zhongyi Zhao, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Jiayan Zhou, Juexiao Zhou, Bin Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Magdalena Zielińska, Ghazal Zoghi, Mohamed Ali Zoromba, Zhiyong Zou, Rafat Mohammad Zrieq, Liesl J. Zuhlke, Lilik Zuhriyah, Alimuddin Zumla, Ahed H. Zyoud, Sa'ed H. Zyoud, Shaher H. Zyoud, Eve E. Wool, Christopher J. L. Murray
Background Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides cause-specific mortality estimates measured in counts, rates, and years of life lost (YLLs). GBD 2023 aimed to enhance our understanding of the relationship between age and cause of death by quantifying the probability of dying before age 70 years (70q0) and the mean age at death by cause and sex. This study enables comparisons of the impact of causes of death over time, offering a deeper understanding of how these causes affect global populations. Methods GBD 2023 produced estimates for 292 causes of death disaggregated by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2023. We used a modelling tool developed for GBD, the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to estimate cause-specific death rates for most causes. We computed YLLs as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. Probability of death was calculated as the chance of dying from a given cause in a specific age period, for a specific population. Mean age at death was calculated by first assigning the midpoint age of each age group for every death, followed by computing the mean of all midpoint ages across all deaths attributed to a given cause. We used GBD death estimates to calculate the observed mean age at death and to model the expected mean age across causes, sexes, years, and locations. The expected mean age reflects the expected mean age at death for individuals within a population, based on global mortality rates and the population's age structure. Comparatively, the observed mean age represents the actual mean age at death, influenced by all factors unique to a location-specific population, including its age structure. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 250-draw distribution for each metric. Findings are reported as counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2023 include a correction for the misclassification of deaths due to COVID-19, updates to the method used to estimate COVID-19, and updates to the CODEm modelling framework. This analysis used 55 761 data sources, including vital registration and verbal autopsy data as well as data from surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. For GBD 2023, there were 312 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 3 country-years of surveillance data, 51 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 144 country-years of other data types that were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings The initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shifts in long-standing rankings of the leading causes of global deaths: it ranked as the number one age-standardised cause of death at Level 3 of the GBD cause classification hierarchy in 2021. By 2023, COVID-19 dropped to the 20th place among the leading global causes, returning the rankings of the leading two causes to those typical across the time series (ie, ischaemic heart disease and stroke). While ischaemic heart disease and stroke persist as leading causes of death, there has been progress in reducing their age-standardised mortality rates globally. Four other leading causes have also shown large declines in global age-standardised mortality rates across the study period: diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, stomach cancer, and measles. Other causes of death showed disparate patterns between sexes, notably for deaths from conflict and terrorism in some locations. A large reduction in age-standardised rates of YLLs occurred for neonatal disorders. Despite this, neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of global YLLs over the period studied, except in 2021, when COVID-19 was temporarily the leading cause. Compared to 1990, there has been a considerable reduction in total YLLs in many vaccine-preventable diseases, most notably diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles. In addition, this study quantified the mean age at death for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and found noticeable variation by sex and location. The global all-cause mean age at death increased from 46·8 years (95% UI 46·6–47·0) in 1990 to 63·4 years (63·1–63·7) in 2023. For males, mean age increased from 45·4 years (45·1–45·7) to 61·2 years (60·7–61·6), and for females it increased from 48·5 years (48·1–48·8) to 65·9 years (65·5–66·3), from 1990 to 2023. The highest all-cause mean age at death in 2023 was found in the high-income super-region, where the mean age for females reached 80·9 years (80·9–81·0) and for males 74·8 years (74·8–74·9). By comparison, the lowest all-cause mean age at death occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was 38·0 years (37·5–38·4) for females and 35·6 years (35·2–35·9) for males in 2023. Lastly, our study found that all-cause 70q0 decreased across each GBD super-region and region from 2000 to 2023, although with large variability between them. For females, we found that 70q0 notably increased from drug use disorders and conflict and terrorism. Leading causes that increased 70q0 for males also included drug use disorders, as well as diabetes. In sub-Saharan Africa, there was an increase in 70q0 for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Additionally, the mean age at death from NCDs was lower than the expected mean age at death for this super-region. By comparison, there was an increase in 70q0 for drug use disorders in the high-income super-region, which also had an observed mean age at death lower than the expected value. Interpretation We examined global mortality patterns over the past three decades, highlighting—with enhanced estimation methods—the impacts of major events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to broader trends such as increasing NCDs in low-income regions that reflect ongoing shifts in the global epidemiological transition. This study also delves into premature mortality patterns, exploring the interplay between age and causes of death and deepening our understanding of where targeted resources could be applied to further reduce preventable sources of mortality. We provide essential insights into global and regional health disparities, identifying locations in need of targeted interventions to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is an ever-present need for strengthened health-care systems that are resilient to future pandemics and the shifting burden of disease, particularly among ageing populations in regions with high mortality rates. Robust estimates of causes of death are increasingly essential to inform health priorities and guide efforts toward achieving global health equity. The need for global collaboration to reduce preventable mortality is more important than ever, as shifting burdens of disease are affecting all nations, albeit at different paces and scales. Funding Gates Foundation. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; School of Health & Life Scinces, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Infectious and Tropical Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makka, Saudi Arabia; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Nutrition, Save the Children, Hargeisa, Somalia; School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Basic Science Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Neuroendocrine Unit, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico; Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Rus Sudr, Egypt; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, irbid, Jordan; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Research Institute of Benin (IRCB), Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS), Jumla, Nepal; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Johnson City, TN, United States; Translational Research Team, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Woliata Sodo, Ethiopia; United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Public Health, Walden University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo, Nigeria; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; Tehran University School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Naples “”Federico II“”, Naples, Italy; Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Health, Herston, QLD, Australia; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Medical Oncology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa” Iasi in Romania, Iasi, Romania; Medical Oncology Department, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia; Biological Production Unit, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; World Health Organization (WHO), Islamabad, Pakistan; College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Health Sciences and Informatics, Bangladesh Institute of Innovative Health Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health Epidemiology, Debre Berhan University, Deberbirhan, Ethiopia; Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, EpiMetrics, Inc., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Clinical Academic Department of Women's Health, University Medical Center, NU Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States; Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman; Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; The University of Jordan, Jordanian Public Health Society, Amman, Jordan; American University in the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Jordan Medical Association, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; General Directorate of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Africa Center of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Minna, Nigeria; Faculty of Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Population Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Kidney and Pancreas Health Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Pakistan; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS “”Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico“” Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy; The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Biomedical Physics Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Family and Community Medicine Department, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Divivsion, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Nursing Faculty, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Health Science Division, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Uganda, Masaka, Uganda; Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Physiotherapy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Laboratory Medicine Department, Al-Baha University, Al-Aqiq, Saudi Arabia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Global Health Advocacy Incubator (GHAI), University of Central Nicaragua, Washington, DC, United States; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Heart Failure Research Center., Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Summer Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of General Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Orthopedic Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Vietnam, Thai Binh City, Viet Nam; Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria; Department of Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Kowloon, China; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; Department of Social Sciences, Berekum College of Education, Berekum, Ghana; School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Gastroenterology Department, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile; Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Care in Long Term Conditions Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Research, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Education (NASRME), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia; College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Management Policy and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Departament of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, lahore, Pakistan; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Malete, Nigeria; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Research and Technology Deputy, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Mathematics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; The World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University -Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Rajii Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dental Material Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing, China; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, United States; Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Chen Senior Medical Center, Tamarac, FL, United States; Anahuac Business School, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Translational Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pastor Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biological Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Mental Health, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy; Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia; College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; Center of Excellence of Cancer Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Sintra, Portugal; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India; Community Health Department, University of South Wales, South Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Dwyer School of Health Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service (BRWS), Kolkata, India; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Global Health & Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Health Administration, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Venice, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia; Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Health Promotion and Behavioural Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Psychology, Education, and Sport, University Lusofona, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Global healthcare management, York University, London, United Kingdom; Demography and Population Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ophthalmology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon; Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Montfermeil (Montfermeil Hospital Center), Montfermeil, France; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Ho, Ghana; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Joint China-Cuba Lab for Neurotechnology, University of Electronic Sciences and Technology of China UESTC, Chengdu, China; Neuroinformatics Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba; Department of Injury, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Environmental Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; JSS Dental College & Hospital, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Macau, China; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Forlì-Cesena, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; IMPInstitute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Education Center of Australia, Health Science College, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Division of Country Health Policies and Systems (CPS), World Health Organization (WHO), Italy; Mental Health Flagship, World Health Organization (WHO), Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Posgrado de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Psychiatry Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Clinical Project Management Office, National Clinical Research Centerfor Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; School of Chinese Medicine (Teaching and Research Division), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Robert Stemple College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The David S. and Ruth L. Gottesman Center for Headache Treatment and Translational Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nova Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Research Center on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Global Women's Health Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Health Statistics and Informatics, Public Health Division, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, WA, Australia; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Metabolic Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; Nutrition Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “”GF Ingrassia“”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Ga East Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, India; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Population Health Research Center, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Complutense University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; NCDs and Environment Programme, ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Ophthalmology Department, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico; Research and Training Directorate, Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia; Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Clinical and Public Health Research, Independent Consultant, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications “”G. Parenti“” (DiSIA), University of Florence and University of Palermo, Florence, Italy; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Research Department, Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Escola Superior de Saúde (Higher School of Health), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (Polytechnic Institute of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Gastroenterology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile; University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Histology Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Private Orthodontist, Ahvaz, Iran; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; National Institute of Public Health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Executive Committee, International Association for Women Mental Health, Potomac, MD, United States; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Health Research and Technology Transfer Directorate, South Ethiopia Region Public Health Institute, Jinka, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Evidence-Based Medical Research Institute of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Goba College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria; Postgraduate School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Digestive Diseases Research Institute (DDRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Division of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank, Sylhet, Bangladesh; School of Human and Social Sciences (FCHS), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; University Research Center in Psychology, Faro, Portugal; Environmental Statistics Unit, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Ecological Economics and Environmental Management, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité University Medical Center Berlin), Berlin, Germany; School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Biostatistics Unit, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular Health and Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) (National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Research), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain; Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Naples “”Federico II“”, Naples, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité University Medical Center Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Clinical Science Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services Department, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Division (KEP), Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholms, Sweden; College of Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Community Medicine Department of Community Medicine Information and Decision-Making in Health (MEDCIDS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of American Education, Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, School of Engineering, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia; Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain; Human Nutrition Laboratory, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico; Department of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Culiacán, Mexico; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Professional Services Division, Texas State Board of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, United States; Department of Pharmacology, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India; Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA), Dakar, Senegal; Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA), Dakar, Senegal; School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Study Desk, Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia; Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Child Health Analytics Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Government Institute of Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Clinical Research, National Institute For Research In Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Zoology, KKS Women's College, Balasore, India; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Life Sciences, Health and Healthcare Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy; Health Services Research, Evaluation and Policy Unit, AUSL della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Libertyville, IL, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of the Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Bronxcare Health System, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi'an, China; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nanyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China; Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India; Department of Preventive Cardiology & Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Colima, Mexico; College of Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Epidemiology Programme, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Atlas Project, Perth, WA, Australia; The George Institute for Global health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Department of Liver Tumor, Cancer Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Liver Transplant Unit, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charité Insitute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (Perron Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Stroke Research Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Directorate General of Health Human Resources, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Periodontics, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biotechnology, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Health Policy and Financing, Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Paediatric Professorial Unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden; UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Engineering and Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Jadara Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Parkview Health, Fort Wayne, IN, United States; Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Maternal Care and Child Health Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Pediatric Nursing department, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Artur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Biology, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Terengganu, Malaysia; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Pharmacoepidemiology Department, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Independent Researcher, Cairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Journal of Biosciences and Public Health, Published by 4-Green Research Society, Journal of Biological Sciences and Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia; Department of Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Department of Urology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Medicine, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; UCL Institute for Global Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medicine, AMA School of Medicine, Makati, Philippines; Department of Behavioral Health, Nassau University Medical center, East Meadow, NY, United States; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States; UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Bonifacio Global City, Philippines; Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Health Informatics Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Karolinska Institutet Campus Solna, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nursing, Middle Technical University of Kut Technical Institute, Baghdad, Iraq; The Medical City for Military and Security Services School, The Medical City for Military and Security Services School, Oman, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Research, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Management, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India; Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Policy, Research, and International Development Directorate, Cardiff, Public Health Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Independent Consultant, Pune, India; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health, Khoy Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran; Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Canberra Business School, University of Canberra, Hawker, ACT, Australia; College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of General Medical Practice No. 2, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital Chennai, Chennai, India; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of General Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health—Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, United States; Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, Mysuru, India; Center of Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Jindal School of Public Health and Human Development, O. P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Human Nutrition of INRAE, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Paris, France; Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Rabat, Morocco; Food and Drug Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Internal Medicine Department, Reading Hospital Tower Health, Reading, PA, United States; Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; BDStatistics Center for Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies (CAPS), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine & Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom; Department of Health, Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal; Department of Preventable Non Communicable Disease, Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India; Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Sangrur, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Sulaimani College of Medicine, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Deputy for Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Cardiothoracic Imaging Section, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Research Department, University of Inland Norway, Elverum, Norway; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; Department of Nursing, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Endocrinology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine; Scientific Department, Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Mycobacteriology Unit, Center for Health Promotion and Research, Bamenda, Cameroon; Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia; Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Scientific and Educational Center for Neurology and Applied Neuroscience, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India; School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; SRM Centre for Clinical Trials and Research (CCTR), Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, India; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Hajipur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India; Department of Anaesthesiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Department of Economics, Manipal University, Jaipur, Jaipur, India; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; IITM Pravartak Technologies Foundation, Chennai, India; Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Subjects, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States; National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Institute for Health Sciences, STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medicana Health International, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS “”Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico“” Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine, UniCamillus University, Rome, Italy; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Genetic Resource Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Basic Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India; NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary; Unidad de Genética y Salud Pública, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Hospital Joaquín Pablo Franco Sayas, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; International Society of Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy; School of Physical Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Centre for Clinical Trials, Research, and Implementation Science (CCTRIS), Lagos, Nigeria; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Nam Can Tho University, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Vascular Surgery Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Nam Can Tho University, Vietnam, Can Tho City, Viet Nam; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Asbestos and Dust Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; SC Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità (Neurology, Public Health, Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People’s Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and General Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Discipline of Physiology, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Cardiovascular Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China; International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Norrtälje Hospital (Tiohundra), Norrtälje, Sweden; UCD Centre for Disability Studies, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Public Health, Zefat Academic College, Haifa, Israel; Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University, Xinyu, China; Department of Urology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China; School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany; School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, China; Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Department of Emergency General and Trauma Surgery, NHS University Hospitals of Liverpool Group, Aintree Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Data Science and Evidence, Novo Nordisk, Plainsboro, NJ, United States; College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt; 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Associate Laboratory i4HB, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal; School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Science, Pondicherry, Puducherry, India; Department of One Health in Tropical Infectiousness Diseases, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; College of Health Science, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia; Research Center, Cihan University -Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Institute of Health Science, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Smart Healthcare Management, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; The Orthopaedic Department, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cardiology, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; University of Kansas Medical Center, A.T. Still University, Kansas City, KS, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Eisenhower Health, Palm Desert, CA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines; Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition), Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia; Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Ponorogo, Indonesia; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Orthopedic Trauma Pathology Department, IRCCS, Bologna, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Centre for Health Innovation and Policy, Noida, India; Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Care Authority, Olympia, WA, United States; Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Pathology - Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy; General Administration Department, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Oncology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, United States; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly, India; Thumbay College of Management and AI in Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Research and Development Department, Panacea Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Varanasi, India; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States; College of Health Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Higher Colleges of Technology-Health Sciences Division-Pharmacy Program, Higher Colleges of Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhima, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Urology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Sciences, Azare, National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Bauchi, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department Medical-Surgical Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Mathematics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Sport Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Collective Prevention and Public Health, General Directorate for Personal Care, Health, and Welfare, Bologna, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (University of Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; International Ph.D. Program in Biotech and Healthcare Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Changescape Consulting, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Statistics and Actuarial Sciences Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Animal and Human Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, India; University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Director General, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Geriatric Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Education & Promotion, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Elderly Health Research Center, Research and Academic Institution, Tehran, Iran; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Thrissur, India; Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India; College of Health Sciences, Cihan University -Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Physiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Health Promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Research, TroDDIVaT Initiative, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “”Victor Babes“”, Timisoara, Romania; Rocordis Heart Center, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Hospital, Timisoara, Romania; Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco; Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; International Medical Faculty, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospitals, Merrillville, IN, United States; Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Humanities and Social Science, University for International Studies in Rome, Rome, Italy; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Public Health, UNICAF, Larnaca, Cyprus; Department of Pathology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Family Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Midwifery Department, Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Nursing, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “”Tor Vergata“”, Rome, Italy; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Technical Unit, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Counselling and Human Development Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University Iwo, Iwo, Nigeria; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Associação Brasileira de Cefaleia em Salvas e Enxaqueca (ABRACES), São Paulo, Brazil; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Research Policy & Administration, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (State University of Campinas), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Computational Biology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute (EMBRAPA), Campinas, Brazil; Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq; ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Wellspring Research, Wellspring Center Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Health, Lira District Local Government, Lira, SA, Australia; Scientific Laboratory “”Center for Collective Use“”, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana; Department of Neurology, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Henry M Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Cardiovascular Division, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria; Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education Science & Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria; Plant Systems Biology, International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Breast Health and Cancer Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Primary Health Center, Directorate of Public Health and Family Welfare, Eluru District, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Infectious Disease Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavioural Sciences, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Cardiac Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Marwadi University Research and Development Cell, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Research and Training, Population Council Institute, New Delhi, India; Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Wardha, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Human Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Department of Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milano, Italy; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine; Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Bioinformatics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Air and Climate Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India; College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Department of Medical and Surgical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Ortopedics and Traumatology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Management Department, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia; Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle del Lili (Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Fundamental Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Research Center in Advancing Community Healthcare, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Cybersecurity, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Akron, OH, United States; Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Health Information Technology and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Oman Dental College, Oman; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India; Department of Nephrology and Urology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Deputy of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Director of Central Asia Research Collaboration Group, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Science Research Centre, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Faculty of Health Sciences, Qaiwan International University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; LIRSSEI Research Lab, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria; Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy; Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, Kangra, India; Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Medicine Department, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; The Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra (Public University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain; South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Community Medicine, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nagpur, India; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, United States; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Unit for Public Health Science, University of Gävle, Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Geography, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Health Services Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Hematology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; Human Capability Building, Saudi Authority for Data and Artificial Intelligence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Center and Research Studies, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana (Savannah University), Chia, Colombia; Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana (Savannah University Clinic), Chia, Colombia; School of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Rasoul Akram Hospital, Islamic Azad University, Iran, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; College of Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri (Bhakti Wiyata Kediri Institute of Health Sciences), Kediri, Indonesia; College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Centre of Telehealth, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Physiology and Physiotherapy, DIT University, Delhi, India; Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Nursing in Women's Health, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Vaccination Research Observatory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu' Kawoq Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Guatemala; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy; Centre for Global Epilepsy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States; School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada; West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran; Family and Prevention Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, RVM Medical College and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Cardiology, SS. Annunziata Hospital - ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Computer, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Iranian Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; ICMR - National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Canadian Red Cross, Red Cross, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Health Education & Promotion, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine; School of Economics and Management, Universität Kassel (University of Kassel), Kassel, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo city, Ondo, Nigeria; College of Nursing, Jouf University, Jouf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Surgical Department, North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Lusail, Qatar; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Forensic Biology, Government Institute of Forensic Science Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, India; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Primary Healthcare Department, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University of São Paulo City, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Osteopathic Medicine, D'Youville University, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Sociology and Gerontology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States; Independent Consultant, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Botany Department, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, India; Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri (IRCCS Maugeri Scientific Clinical Institute), Milan, Italy; Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States; Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Graduate School of Business, ESAN University, Lima, Peru; Chief Data Officer Directorate, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Augusta Health, Fishersville, VA, United States; Operating Room Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Chennai, India; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Division of Neurological Science, VETSUISSE, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Science, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Statistics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India; Department of Forensic Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, India; UN Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Cardiology, Government Medical College, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Chemistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences, Azare, Nigeria; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Speech Therapy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, Amahara Regional Sate Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University “”St. Kliment Ohridiski“”, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Clinical Practice, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Kenneth H. Cooper Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Radio-Oncology Department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Randburg, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom; Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; WSB University in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India; School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sceinces, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management-Kundli (NIFTEM-K), Sonipat, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjab, India; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Medical Oncology Lab, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Passaic, NJ, United States; Global and European Health Education and Study Institute, University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados; School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain; School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal University of Minas Gerais), Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Pasadena, CA, United States; 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, manipal, India; Department of Public Health, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan; Department of Health Professions, DHGS German University for Health and Sports, Berlin, Germany; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopaedics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Research Department, Nepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Unit, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Praboromarajchanok Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Department of Physiotherapy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University, Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; University Diabetes Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Selangor, Malaysia; High-Quality Development Evaluation Research Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China; Gandhi Medical College, Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences (KNRUHS), Secunderabad, India; Department of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Pathology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia; Hospital Central Laboratory, Dr Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Epidemiology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Oncology Unit, St Paul's Hospital Millenium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, United States; Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Internal Medicine Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Abdominal Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS), Jumla, Nepal; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India; Department of Economics, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Interdisciplinary Health Data Center, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Movement Sciences and Sports Training, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan; John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States; Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; ALS Vietnam Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam; Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India; Department of Studies in Economics and Planning, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; College of Health Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Hayatabad Medical Complex, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Ministry of Health, Azare, Nigeria; Federal University of Health Sciences Teaching Hospital Azare, Azare, Nigeria; Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, Khairpur, Pakistan; Department of Oncology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; School of Government, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, Northwell Health / North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari, Tricase, Italy; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkey; Johnson & Johnson, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Sociedad Argentina de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, India; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, United States; Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Infermi Hospital, Rimini, Italy; Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milano, Italy; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid (European University of Madrid), Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Department of Health Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences - UniCamillus, Rome, Italy; Digital Health Research Center, Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Occupational Medicine Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India; Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá, Brazil, Itajubá, Brazil; Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Physiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; Department of Nursing and Applied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; West China Hospital, Chengdu, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China; National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang City, China; Enze Medical Health Academy, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Centre for Health Policy Research, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Adelaide, North Terrace, NSW, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China; Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Geriatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Research Organisation, Inter-Continental Omni-Research in Medicine Collaborative, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Population Health Monitoring and Analysis, National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland; Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Surgery, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, NSW, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Theory and Empiricism of Healthcare, Universität Kassel (University of Kassel), Kassel, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Public Health, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Health Policy and Administration, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Western Institute of Digital-Intelligent Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China; Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Public Health Administration, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Biotechnology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey; Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Public Health, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran, Sirjan, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Southeast University Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital, Clinical Hospital, Xuzhou, China; Department of Basic Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Durham, NC, United States; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), UPM Serdang, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Health Investigation Center, Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia; San Pablo Catholic University Tarija Bolivia, Tarija, Bolivia; The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; Sant'Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Clinical Practice, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Burn Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China; Department of Internal Disease, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
