G.R. Johnson, E.R. Jayaratne, J. Lau, V. Thomas, A.M. Juwono, B. Kitchen, L. Morawska
A technique for analysing exhaust emission plumes from unmodified locomotives under real world conditions is described and applied to the task of characterizing plumes from railway trains servicing an Australian shipping port. The method utilizes the simultaneous measurement, downwind of the railway line, of the following pollutants; particle number, PM2.5 mass fraction, SO2, NOx and CO2, with the last of these being used as an indicator of fuel combustion. Emission factors are then derived, in terms of number of particles and mass of pollutant emitted per unit mass of fuel consumed. Particle number size distributions are also presented.The practical advantages of the method are discussed including the capacity to routinely collect emission factor data for passing trains and to thereby build up a comprehensive real world database for a wide range of pollutants.Samples from 56 train movements were collected, analyzed and presented. The quantitative results for emission factors are: EF(N)=(1.7±1)×1016kg-1, EF(PM2.5)=(1.1±0.5)gkg-1, EF(NOx)=(28±14)gkg-1, and EF(SO2)=(1.4±0.4)gkg-1. The findings are compared with comparable previously published work. Statistically significant (p<α, α=0.05) correlations within the group of locomotives sampled were found between the emission factors for particle number and both SO2 and NOx. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, GPO Box 2434, Australia; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; INSA de Lyon, Génie Energie et Environnement, Domaine Scientifique de la Doua, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; Port of Brisbane Corporation, Brisbane, QLD 4178, Locked Bag 1818, Australia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
