Lutfian Lutfian, Sidik Maulana, Jonathan Hasian Haposan, Izdihar Javier Wardika, Muhammad Amir Mukminin, Ibnu Syarifudin Hidayat, Sakinah Hilya Abida, Artha Maressa Theodora, Ayu Cetiya Mahayekti, Muhamad Zulfatul A’la, Ahmad Syauqy Tafrihani, Dikki Saputra, Yovita Hartantri
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a major global health concern due to its high mortality and recurrence rates. Understanding the factors associated with these adverse outcomes is essential for guiding targeted interventions and strengthening TB control strategies. Objective: To synthesise evidence on factors associated with mortality and recurrence among patients with MDR-TB. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science from inception to 23 February 2025 without year restrictions. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Results: Thirty-five studies encompassing 36,693 patients with MDR-TB were included. Pooled analyses identified several significant predictors of mortality, including HIV co-infection (OR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.92–4.09; p <.001), lower educational attainment (≤12 years) (OR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.64–4.38; p =.003), low body mass index (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 2.28–4.36; p =.001), anaemia (OR = 3.53; 95% CI: 1.03–12.09; p =.04) and alcohol use (OR = 2.94; 95% CI: 1.08–8.00; p =.04). Only five studies assessed recurrence, indicating higher risk among individuals with comorbidities, and those with low educational levels. Conclusion: Mortality and recurrence remain major challenges in MDR-TB management. Key predictors, HIV co-infection and low education for mortality, and comorbidities and low educational level for recurrence, highlight the need to strengthen health systems, expand TB–HIV co-management and implement targeted education to reduce adverse outcomes and advance global TB elimination. Registration: CRD420251032658. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Doctoral Program of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Sumedang, Indonesia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, & Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea; Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Jember, Indonesia; Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Bandung, Indonesia; Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Diseases, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Bandung, Indonesia
