Hendra Gunawan, Corentin Caudron, John Pallister, Sofyan Primulyana, Bruce Christenson, Wendy Mccausland, Vincent Van Hinsberg, Jennifer Lewicki, Dmitri Rouwet, Peter Kelly, Christoph Kern, Cynthia Werner, Jeffrey B. Johnson, Sri Budi Utami, Devy Kamil Syahbana, Ugan Saing, Suparjan, Bambang Heri Purwanto, Christine Sealing, Maria Martinez Cruz, Sukir Maryanto, Philipson Bani, Antoine Laurin, Agathe Schmid, Kyle Bradley, I Gusti Made Agung Nandaka, Mochammad Hendrasto
Volcanoes with crater lakes and/or extensive hydrothermal systems pose significant challenges with respect to monitoring and forecasting eruptions, but they also provide new opportunities to enhance our understanding of magmatic-hydrothermal processes. Their lakes and hydrothermal systems serve as reservoirs for magmatic heat and fluid emissions, filtering and delaying the surface expressions of magmatic unrest and eruption, yet they also enable sampling and monitoring of geochemical tracers. Here, we describe the outcomes of a highly focused international experimental campaign and workshop carried out at Kawah Ijen volcano, Indonesia, in September 2014, designed to answer fundamental questions about how to improve monitoring and eruption forecasting at wet volcanoes. © 2017 The Author(s).
Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung, 40122, Indonesia; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Block N2-01a-15, 639798, Singapore; Royal Observatory of Belgium, Seismology Section, Uccle, 1180, Belgium; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, 1050, Belgium; US Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct 100, Vancouver, 98683, WA, United States; National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, PB 31-312, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill, 3450 University St, Montreal, H3A 2A7, QC, Canada; US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, MS 434, Menlo Park, 95025, CA, United States; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via Donato Creti 12, Bologna, 40128, Italy; Alaska Volcano Observatory - Volcano Emissions Project, 4230 University Drive, Anchorage, 99508, AK, United States; Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Ave, Boise, 83725, ID, United States; Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica, Heredia, 2346-3000, Costa Rica; Department of Physics, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jawa Timur, 65145, Indonesia; Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, University Blaise Pascal, CNRS - IRD, OPGC, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
