Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950–2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

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Austin E. Schumacher, Peng Zheng, Ryan M. Barber, Bhoomadevi A, Mohammad Amin Aalipour, Hasan Aalruz, Hazim S. Ababneh, Ukachukwu O. Abaraogu, Cristiana Abbafati, Nasir Abbas, Mitra Abbasifard, Faezeh Abbaspour, Abdallah H. A. Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Mohammed Altigani Abdalla, Emad M. Abdallah, Nadin M. I. Abdel Razeq, Reda Abdel-Hameed, Wael M. Abdel-Rahman, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab, Parsa Abdi, Arash Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Arman Abdous, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Auwal Abdullahi, Abdullahi Salahudeen Abdulraheem, Habtamu Abebe Abebe Getahun, Parisa Abedi, Armita Abedi, Asrat Agalu Abejew, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Syed Hani Abidi, Alemwork Abie, Olumide Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Shady Abohashem, Ulric Sena Abonie, Nagah M. Abourashed, Mohamed Abouzid, Dmitry Abramov, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Dariush Abtahi, Rana Kamal Abu Farha, Fuad Hamdi A. Abuadas, Aminu Kende Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Sawsan Abuhammad, Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa, Hana J. Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Dina Abushanab, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya, Meshack Achore, Juan Manuel Acuna, Tim Adair, Lisa C. Adams, Oladimeji Muritala Adebayo, Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi, David Adedia, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun, Oluwatobi E. Adegbile, Nurudeen A. Adegoke, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Isaac Ayodeji Adesina, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Mache Tsadik Adhana, Kishor Adhikari, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Usha Adiga, Tanin Adl Parvar, Mohd Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, David Adzrago, Giuseppina Affinito, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Saira Afzal, Gizachew Beykaso Agafari, Navidha Aggarwal, Mahdi Aghaalikhani, Sepehr Aghajanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Feleke Doyore Agide, Mary Dada Agoi, César Agostinis Sobrinho, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Rabbiya Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Faisal Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Muayyad M. Ahmad, Khurshid Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Waqas Ahmad, Aram Mahmood Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Naveed Ahmed, Oli Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Akeem Olayiwola Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Gasha Salih Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Gulzhanat Aimagambetova, Janardhana P. Aithala, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Saeid Akbarifard, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Karolina Akinosoglou, Yagiz Matthew Akiska, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Wole Akosile, Hammad Akram, Ashley E. Akrami, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Mohammad Khaled Al Nawayseh, Omar Al Omari, Mohammad Al Qadire, Zain Al Ta'ani, Yazan Al Thaher, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Mousa Ali Al-Abbadi, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Khurshid Alam, Mostafa Alam, Manjurul Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer, Abebaw Alamrew, Amani Alansari, Turki M. Alanzi, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Mohammed Albashtawy, Khalifah A. Aldawsari, Mohammed S. Aldossary, Robert W. Aldridge, Shereen M. Aleidi, Bezawit Abeje Alemayehu, Tekletsadik Tekleslassie Alemayehu, Fentahun Alemnew, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Ali M. Alfalki, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Aminu Alhassan Alhassan Ibrahim, Ashraf Alhumaidi, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, Shahid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Kamran Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Irfan Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Haroon Muhammad Ali, Amjad Ali, Rafat Ali, Maratab Ali, Syed Yusuf Ali, Sameer Afif Ali, Akram Al-Ibraheem, Gianfranco Alicandro, Montaha Al-Iede, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Hamid Alinejad Rokny, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Mohamad Aljofan, Moath Saleh Aljohani, Adel Al-Jumaily, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ahmad Alkhatib, Mustafa Alkhawam, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Mohammed Z. Allouh, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Wael Almahmeed, Md. Al-Mamun, Sabah Al-Marwani, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Omar Almidani, Amr Almobayed, Khaldoon Aied Alnawafleh, Hasan Yaser Alniss, Margret Beaula Alocious Sukumar, Mohammad R. Alosta, Saleh A. Alqahtani, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Mohammad R. Alqudimat, Ahmad Rajeh Al-Qudimat, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H. Al-Rifai, Intima Alrimawi, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Mohammed A. Alsabri, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Alaa B. Al-Tammemi, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq, Malik A. Althobiani, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Javier Alvarez-Galvez, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Alyahya, Karem H. Alzoubi, Md. Akib Al-Zubayer, Uchenna Anderson Amaechi, Joy Amafah, Ekiyor Joseph Amafah, Masoud Aman Mohammadi, Faten Amer, Bardia Amidi, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Amr Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Saeed Amini, Ehsan Amini-Salehi, Nafiu Aminu, Majid Aminzare, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Joanne O. Amlag, Dickson A. Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Filippos Anagnostakis, Roshan A. Ananda, Nazanin Anaraki, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B. Anderson, Tudorel Andrei, Song Peng Ang, Nguyen Hoang Anh, Samuel Egyakwa Ankomah, Kabilan Annadurai, Amir Anoushiravani, Sumbul Ansari, Umair Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Catherine M. Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saleha Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Shahnawaz Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Juan Pablo Arab, Hossein Arabi, Jalal Arabloo, Mosab Arafat, Demelash Areda, Abdulfatai Aremu, Jorge Arias de la Torre, Ghazal Arjmand, Benedetta Armocida, Johan ārnlöv, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A. Artamonov, Deepavalli Arumuganainar, Nurila Aryntayeva, Mahsa Asadi Anar, Majid Asadi-Samani, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Saeed Asgary, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Muhammad Abdul Basit Ashraf, Syed Amir Ashraf, Mitra Ashrafi, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Saeed Aslani, Yuni Asri, Anil Raj Assariparambil, Dereje Zewdu Assefa, Batyrbek Assembekov, Thomas Astell-Burt, Mirbahador Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Julie Alaere Atta, Zeenah A. Atwan, Marcel Ausloos, Abolfazl Avan, Núbia Carelli Pereira Avelar, Sana Javaid Awan, Amlaku Mulat Aweke, Babafela B. Awosile, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Fekadu Belay Ayalew, Lemessa Assefa A. Ayana, Haleh Ayatollahi, Olatunde O. Ayinde, Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo, Berrak Itir Itir Ayli, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Arian Azadnia, James Mba Azam, Alireza Azarboo, Ali Azargoonjahromi, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Farya Azimi, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Amin Azizan, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Domenico Azzolino, Shahram Babadoust, Abraham Samuel Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Ashish D. Badiye, Hunter Baggen, Elahe Baghizadeh, Sana Baghizadeh, Khlood K. Baghlaf, Ahmed Salem BaHammam, Najmeh Bahmanziari, Razieh Bahreini, Yogesh Bahurupi, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Arun Balachandran, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Maher Balkis, Jose Balmori-de-la-Miyar, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Palash Chandra Banik, Rajon Banik, Angelo Barbato, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Sandra Barteit, Zarrin Basharat, Shahid Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Guido Basile, Pritish Baskaran, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Abdul-Monim Batiha, Kavita Batra, Bernhard T. Baune, Mahdis Bayat, Mohammad Amin Bayat Tork, Mohsen Bayati, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Thomas Beaney, Neeraj Bedi, Narasimha M. Beeraka, Jina Behjati, Babak Behnam, Payam Behzadi, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Bezawit K. Bekele, Almaz Nibret Belay, Melesse Belayneh, Asnake Gashaw Belayneh, Gokce Belge Bilgin, Bashir Bello, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Riyad Bendardaf, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune, Habib Benzian, Maria Bergami, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Abiye Assefa Berihun, Amiel Nazer C. Bermudez, Robert S. Bernstein, Ajeet Singh Bhadoria, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Jeetendra Bhandari, Charmi Bhanushali, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Arushee Bhatnagar, Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Manpreet S Singh Bhatti, Rajbir Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Soumitra S. Bhuyan, Sibhatu Kassa Biadgilign, Raluca Bievel-Radulescu, Can Bilgin, Naif Kandash Binsaleh, Catherine Bisignano, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Bijit Biswas, Ahmad Naoras Bitar, Molalegne Bitew, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Virginia Bodolica, Mahmut Bodur, Lucimere Bohn, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Archith Boloor, Paria Bolourinejad, Sri Harsha Boppana, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Arturo Borzutzky, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert R. A. Bourne, Christopher Boxe, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Edmond D. Brewer, Gabrielle Britton, Julie Brown, Annie J. Browne, Raffaele Bugiardini, Linh Phuong Bui, Tsion Samuel Bunare, Richard A. Burns, Felix Busch, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A. Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Tianji Cai, Rose Cairns, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Si Cao, Yuchen Cao, Chao Cao, Angelo Capodici, Giulia Carreras, Austin Carter, Andrea Carugno, Márcia Carvalho, Andre F. Carvalho, Ana Paula Carvalho-e-Silva, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Giulio Castelpietra, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alberico L. Catapano, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Muthia Cenderadewi, Ester Cerin, Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Joht Singh Chandan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Miyuru Chandradasa, Jung-Chen Chang, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Galmesa Bekana Chemeda, An-Tian Chen, Hui Chen, Haowei Chen, Xiang Chen, Hana Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Haojin Cheng, Ka Ching Cheung, Nicholas WS Chew, Fatemeh Chichagi, Ju-Huei Chien, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, William C. S. Cho, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Bryan Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chopra, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Shanjida Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Sreshtha Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Hongyuan Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Stephen Chukwudeh, Eric Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Erin Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Cain C. T. Clark, Alyssa Columbus, Haley Comfort, Joao Conde, Nathalie Conrad, Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Claudia Cosma, Michael H. Criqui, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Garland T. Culbreth, Nour Dababo, Ali Dabbagh, Omid Dadras, Zainab Umar Dahiru, Tukur Dahiru, Xiaochen Dai, Mayank Dalakoti, Koustuv Dalal, Gloria Dalla Costa, Emanuele D´Amico, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Lucio D´Anna, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel E. Danso, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Latefa Ali Dardas, Chengetai Dare, Jai K. Das, Barbara A. D´Avanzo, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Dimash Davletov, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Edward Christopher Dee, Sindhura Deekonda, Louisa Degenhardt, Paria Dehesh, Lee Deitesfeld, Denise Myriam Dekker, Pouria Delbari, Mohammad Delsoz, Dessalegn Demeke, Andreas K. Demetriades, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Ismail Dergaa, Kebede Deribe, Hunegnaw Almaw Derseh, Emina Derviševic, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Abraham Aregay Desta, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda, Devananda Devegowda, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Rajinder K. Dhamija, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Bibha Dhungel, Marcello Di Pumpo, Diana Dias da Silva, Luis Antonio Diaz, Daniel Diaz, Diego Diaz-Milanes, Elangovan Dilipan, Lauren K. Dillard, Zhendong Ding, Xueting Ding, M Ashworth Dirac, Huyen Do, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Sushil Dohare, Klara Georgieva Dokova, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Francesco Dondi, Mario D´Oria, Fariba Dorostkar, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Menayit Tamrat Dresse, Tim Robert Driscoll, Jiang Du, Judy R. Dubno, Emeka W. Dumbili, Samuel C. Dumith, Bruce B. Duncan, Jennifer Dunne, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Siddhartha Dutta, Angel Belle Cheng Dy, Abdel Rahman E'mar, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Ejemai Eboreime, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, David Edvardsson, Ferry Efendi, Behrad Eftekhari, Foolad Eghbali, Shayan Eghdami, Fatemeh Ehsani, Ashkan Eighaei Sedeh, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Reza Elahi, Said El-Ashker, Rana Elbeshbeishy, Faris El-Dahiyat, Marwa Eldegwi, Marwan El-Deyarbi, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elhoumed, Waseem El-Huneidi, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Adel B. Elmoselhi, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Chadi Eltaha, Abdelgawad Salah Abdelgawad Eltahawy, Tadele Emagneneh, Syed Emdadul Haque, Theophilus I. Emeto, Victor Oghenekparobo Emojevwe, Stanley Chinedu Eneh, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Majid Eslami, Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo, Kara Estep, Elochukwu Ezenwankwo, Natalia Fabin, Heidar Fadavian, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Razana Faiz, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Luca Falzone, Qiping Fan, Mohammad Farahmand, Seyed Nooreddin Faraji, Ali Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Andre Faro, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Fatemeh Farshad, Farima Farsi, Md. Omar Faruk, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Ali Fatehizadeh, Davood Fathi, Zareen Fatima, Timur Fazylov, Valery L. Feigin, maryam feili, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoqi Feng, Talukdar Raian Ferdous, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Nuno Ferreira, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Alexander Finnemore, Claudio Fiorilla, Ida Fitriana, Luisa S. Flor, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Marco Fonzo, Arianna Fornari, Behzad Foroutan, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Maryam Fotouhi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Richard Charles Franklin, Alberto Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Ami Fukunaga, John E. Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Blima Fux, Sridevi G, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A. Gadanya, Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka, Márió Gajdács, Emmanuela Gakidou, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Dhanraj Ganapathy, Balasankar Ganesan, Shivaprakash Gangachannaiah, Xiang Gao, Yijie Gao, Bashiru Garba, Miguel Garcia-Argibay, David Garcia-Azorin, Jacopo Garlasco, Zisis Gatzioufas, Rupesh K. Gautam, Prem Gautam, Bamba Gaye, Federica Gazzelloni, Hong-Han Ge, Feven Sahle Gebre, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Haftay Gebremedhin Gebreslassie, Miesa Gelchu, Stefano Gelibter, Nsikakabasi Samuel George, Ali Gerami Matin, Lemma Getacher, Genanew K. Getahun, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Peter W. Gething, Delaram J. Ghadimi, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Arin Ghamkhar, Ali Ghandili, Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi, Moein Ghasemi, Shakiba Ghasemi Assl, Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Nermin Ghith, Zainab Gholami, Nasim Gholizadeh, Elena Ghotbi, Arun Ghuge, Alessandro Gialluisi, Konstantinos Giannakis, Ruth Margaret Gibson, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Tiffany K. Gill, Alem Abera Girmay, Alessandro Girombelli, Laszlo Göbölös, Rajesh Kumar Goel, Anil Kumar Goel, Archit Goel, Kimiya Gohari, Mahaveer Golechha, Ali Golestani, Mohsen Golkar, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Philimon N. Gona, Wenping Gong, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ayman Grada, Simon Matthew Matthew Graham, Michal Grivna, Ashna Grover, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Bin Guan, Shi-Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Zhifeng Guo, Xingzhi Guo, Zhaoyu Guo, Cui Guo, Zheng Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Lalit Gupta, Himanshu Gupta, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Jose Guzman-Esquivel, Abrham Tesfaye Tesfaye Habteyes, Awoke Derbie Derbie Habteyohannes, Tesfahun Simon Hadaro, Zahra Hadian, Sarah Hafsia, Faraidoon Haghdoost, Arian Haghtalab, Nguyen Hai Nam, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Pritam Halder, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Islam M. Hamad, Randah R. Hamadeh, Nadia M. Hamdy, Samer Hamidi, Erin B. Hamilton, Ahmad Hammoud, Mohammad Hamza, Didem Han Yekdes, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Fahad Hanna, Md Nuruzzaman Haque, Ashanul Haque, Obaid I. Haque, Harapan Harapan, Hilda L. Harb, Arief Hargono, Andy Martahan Andreas Hariandja, Josep Maria Haro, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md Kamrul Hasan, Faizul Hasan, Towhid Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Ali Hasanpour- Dehkordi, Arezou Hashem Zadeh, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Nada Tawfig Hashim, Ammarah Hasnain, Ikrama Hassan, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Yusuf Wada Hassan Wada, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Khezar Hayat, Jiawei He, Jeffrey J. Hebert, Mohammad Heidari, Golnaz Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Claire A. Henson, Claudiu Herteliu, Hamed Hesami, Sumudu Avanthi Hewage, Majid Heydari, Zahra Heydarifard, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Belal Hossain, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md Sabbir Hossain, Alamgir Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Lubna Hossain, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Jada Averianna Houser, Amir Human Hoveidaei, Hanno Hoven, Alexander Win Hsu, Chengxi Hu, Guoqing Hu, Yefei Huang, Zhenyao Huang, Junjie Huang, Weijun Huang, Mega Hasanul Huda, Ayesha Humayun, Waqar Husain, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Nawfal R. Hussein, Mohamed Ibrahim Husseiny, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Luigi Francesco Iannone, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Umar Idris Ibrahim, Ismail A. Atef Ismail Ahmed Ibrahim, Ramzi Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Fidelia Ida, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Adalia Ikiroma, Kevin S. Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Masoud Imani, Mustapha Immurana, Lucius Chidiebere Imoh, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arit Inok, Mujahid Iqbal, Muhammad Iqhrammullah, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Benni Iskandar, Teresa R. Iskander, Md. Shahinul Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Md Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Faisal Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Vinothini J, Jalil Jaafari, Udeme Samuel Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Ali Jadidi, Mohammadsadegh Jafari, Ali Jafari-Khounigh, Morteza Jafarinia, Vennila Jaganathan, Haitham Jahrami, Ayushi Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali Jaliliyan, Mohamed Jalloh, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Armaan Jamal, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Melika Jameie, Jerin James, Safayet Jamil, Masoud Jamshidi, Shaghayegh JamshidiRastabi, Esmaeil Jarrahi, Tahereh Javaheri, Syed Sarmad Javaid, Anita Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Felix K. Jebasingh, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Seogsong Jeong, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Zixiang Ji, Min Jiang, Wenyi Jin, Shuai Jin, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B. Jonas, Darwin Phan Jones, Tamas Joo, Abu Jor, Nitin Joseph, Abel Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Katie Joskowitz, Kripa Josten, George Joy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Malik E. Juweid, Vaishali K, Zubair Kabir, Dler H. Hussein Kadir, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Khalil Kalavani, Sanjay Kalra, Md Moustafa Kamal, Mehnaz Kamal, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Rajesh Kamath, Saltanat Kamenova, Arun Kamireddy, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Devanish Narasimhasanth Kamtam, Naser Kamyari, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Mona Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kanaan, Jiseung Kang, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Rami S. Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Sujita Kumar Kar, Paschalis Karakasis, Reema A. Karasneh, Mohammad Amin Karimi, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M. Karpinski, Sadanand Karun, Manoj Kumar Kashyap, Eden Asmare Kassahun, Nigussie Assefa Kassaw, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Molly B. Kassel, Adarsh Katamreddy, Kanica Kaushal, Foad Kazemi, Nastaran Kazemi rad, Sina Kazemian, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Chukwudi Keke, John H. Kempen, Jessica A. Kerr, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Reza Khademi, Inn Kynn Khaing, Himanshu Khajuria, Nauman Khalid, Sidra Khalid, Hazim O. Khalifa, Anas Husam Khalifeh, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Pantea Khalili, Anita Khalili, Alireza Khalilian, Ghazaleh Khalili-Tanha, Mohamed khalis, Faham Khamesipour, Muhammad Mueed Khan, Zahid Khan, Zahid Khan, Abdul A. Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Serab Khan, Yusuf Saleem Khan, Ramsha Mushtaq Khan, Ajmal Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Muhammad Hamza Khan, Iman Waheed Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Sumaiya Khan, Maseer Khan, Fayaz Khan, Srijana Khanal, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Zenith Khashim, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Kavin Khatri, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Khalid A. Kheirallah, Sunil Kumar Khokhar, Mohammad Saeid Khonji, Zahra Khorrami, Najmaddin Salih Husen S.H. Khoshnaw, Atulya Aman Khosla, Sepehr Khosravi, Majid Khosravi, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Min Seo Kim, Hye Jun Kim, Jinho Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kini B, Mary Kirk, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ladli Kishore, Juniper Boroka Kiss, Mika Kivimäki, Shivakumar KM, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Nazarii Kobyliak, Sonali Kochhar, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Diana Gladys Kolieghu Tcheumeni, Farzad Kompani, Aida Kondybayeva, Anastasios Georgios Panagiotis Konstas, Isaac Koomson, Gerbrand Koren, Tapos Kormoker, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Archana Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, James-Paul Kretchy, Irene Akwo Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Chong-Han Kua, Ananya Kuanar, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Shikha Kukreti, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Shweta Kulshreshtha, Sanjay Kirshan Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dewesh Kumar, Tushar Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Jogender Kumar, Nithin Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Avinash Kumar, Jibin Kunjavara, Setor K. Kunutsor, Almagul Kurmanova, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Pramod Kumar Kushawaha, Asep Kusnali, Christina Yeni Yeni Kustanti, Dian Kusuma, Tezer Kutluk, Assylkhan Kuttybayev, Wai Hang Patrick Kwong, Grace Kwakyewaa Kyei, Evans F. Kyei, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Pallavi L C, Adriano La Vecchia, Carlo La Vecchia, Alessio Lachi, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Balzhan Lakanova, Anita Lakhani, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Iván Landires, Berthold Langguth, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Dylan Lasher, Kamaluddin Latief, Mahrukh Latif, Colleen L. L. Lau, Saheed Akinmayowa Lawal, Aliyu Lawan, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Huu-Hoai Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Minh Huu Nhat Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Caterina Ledda, Wei-Chen Lee, Ivan Lee, Seung Won Lee, Yo Han Lee, Vasileios Leivaditis, Matthew J. Lennon, Matilde Leonardi, Elvynna Leong, An Li, Jinbo Li, Hui Li, Yongze Li, Jianan Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Wei Li, Wei Li, Chengfeng Li, Wang-Zhong Li, Zhengrui Li, Zhaolong Adrian Li, Weilong Li, Jiaying Li, Yanxue Lian, Xue-Zhen Liang, Virendra S. Ligade, Stephen S. Lim, Ro-Ting Lin, Queran Lin, Shuzhi Lin, Jialing Lin, Daniel Lindholm, Yuewei Ling, Xuefeng Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Haipeng Liu, Xianliang Liu, Zhe Liu, Jue Liu, Gang Liu, Yubo Liu, Erand Llanaj, Michael J. Loftus, Valerie Lohner, José Francisco López-Gil, Masoud Lotfizadeh, Surbala Devi Lourembam, Rafael Lozano, Shanjie Luan, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Susu Luo, Jay B. Lusk, Angelina M. Lutambi, Miltiadis D. Lytras, Ellina Lytvyak, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Zheng Feei Ma, Kevin Sheng-Kai Ma, Kelsey Lynn Maass, Mahmoud Mabrok, Nikolaos Machairas, Monika Machoy, Firoozeh Madadi, Seyed Ataollah Madinezad, Christian Madsen, Aurea Marilia Madureira-Carvalho, Pasquale Maffia, Azzam A. Maghazachi, D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Sasikumar Mahalingam, Preeti Maharjan, Mina Maheri, Nozad Hussein Mahmood, Alireza Mahmoudi, Farhad Mahmoudi, Panagiota Maikanti-Charalampous, Rituparna Maiti, Marek Majdan, Abdelrahman M. Makram, Reza Malekzadeh, Hardeep Singh Malhotra, Farihah Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mustapha Mangdow, Emery Manirambona, Lokesh Manjani, Yosef Manla, Fahmida Mannan, Kamaruddeen Mannethodi, Farheen Mansoor, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Changkun Mao, Tahir Maqbool, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C. Maravilla, Konstantinos Margetis, Mirko Marino, Adilson Marques, Gabriel Martinez, Bernardo Alfonso Martinez-Guerra, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Daniela Martini, Francisco Rogerl∘ndio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sammer Marzouk, Sugeng Mashudi, Soroush Masrouri, Clara N. Matei, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Stephanie Mathieson, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Medha Mathur, Neeta Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Rita Mattiello, Khurshid A. Mattoo, Richard James Maude, Pallab K. Maulik, Erin A. May, Mahsa Mayeli, Mohsen Mazidi, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Steven M. McPhail, Michael A. McPhail, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Rishi P. Mediratta, Riffat Mehboob, Ravi Mehrotra, Vini Mehta, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Berhanu Abebaw Mekonnen, Hadush Negash Meles, Addisu Melese, Satish Melwani, Walter Mendoza, Godfred Antony Menezes, Emiru Ayalew Mengistie, George A. Mensah, Sultan Ayoub Ayoub Meo, Michelangelo Mercogliano, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Mohamed M. M. Metwally, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Andrea Michelerio, Hiwot Soboksa Mideksa, Ted R. Miller, Giuseppe Minervini, G.K. Mini, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Seyed Ali Mirshahvalad, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Maryam Mirzaei, Awoke Misganaw, Archana Mishra, Philip B. Mitchell, Sayan Mitra, Chaitanya Mittal, Malihe Moazeni, Shivani Modi, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed, Taj Mohammad, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Saeed Mohammadpour, Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh, Shafiu Mohammed, Yahaya Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Abdulwase Mohammed, Omer Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Suleiman Mohammed, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Amirabbas Mollaei, Shaher Momani, Lorenzo Monasta, Himel Mondal, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, Marco Montalti, Yousef Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Shane Douglas Morrison, Mahmoud M. Morsy, Reza Mosaddeghi Heris, Jonathan F. Mosser, Elias Mossialos, Simin Mouodi, Mariana Mourgova, Asma Mousavi, Seyede Zohre Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Mousavi Kiasary, Amanda Movo, Hagar Lotfy Mowafy, Kimia Mozahheb Yousefi, Matías Mrejen, Rabia Mubarak, Faraz Mughal, Syed Aun Muhammad, Oscar J. Mujica, Sumoni Mukherjee, Sukhes Mukherjee, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, George Duke Mukoro, M. A. Muktadir, Francesk Mulita, Chalie Mulugeta, Mulyadi Mulyadi, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Kavita Munjal, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Javier Muñoz Laguna, Michio Murakami, Efren Murillo-Zamora, B.V. Murlimanju, Sani Musa, Ali Mushtaq, Sherzad Ibrahim Mustafa, Mubarak Taiwo Mustapha, Sathish Muthu, Saravanan Muthupandian, Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Muhammad Muzaffar, Woojae Myung, Amin Nabavi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Mohsen Naghavi, Ganesh R. Naik, Firzan Nainu, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Gopal Nambi, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Yvonne Nartey, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Abdallah Y. Naser, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Hamide Nasiri, Mahmoud Nassar, Zuhair S. Natto, Zakira Naureen, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna, Nawsherwan, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shalini Ganesh Nayak, Smitha Nayak, Shumaila Naz, G. Takop Nchanji, Amanuel Tebabal Nega, Masoud Negahdary, Wubshet D. Negash, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Jalil Nejati, Nikita A. Nekliudov, Samata Nepal, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Charles Richard James Newton, Marie Ng, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, The Phuong Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Long Nguyen, Nghia Phu Nguyen, Tu Anh Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ambe Marius Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Luciano Nieddu, Ali Nikoobar, Vikram Niranjan, Abebe Melis Nisro, Jan Rene Nkeck, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Shuhei Nomura, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Sana Noreen, Masoud Noroozi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Valentine C. Nriagu, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Jean Claude Nshimiyimana, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Fred Nugen, Atoma Negera Nugusa, Mengistu H. Nunemo, Nurfatimah Nurfatimah, Dieta Nurrika, Sylvester Dodzi Dodzi Nyadanu, Felix Kwasi Nyande, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Fabio Massimo Oddi, Ismail A. Odetokun, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Joseph Kojo Oduro, Michael Safo Oduro, Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Oluwafunmilayo Tosin Ogundeko-Olugbami, In-Hwan Oh, Sarah Oh, Edel T. O'Hagan, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Deborah Oluwatosin Okeke-Obayemi, Olalekan John Okesanya, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Oluwaseyi Isaiah Olabisi, Andrew T. Olagunju, Oladotun Victor Olalusi, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Oluseye Olalekan Oludoye, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Goran Latif Omer, Sandersan Onie, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Marcel Opitz, Aksoltan Shyhdurdyevna Oradova, Michal Ordak, Verner N. Orish, Raffaele Ornello, Atakan Orscelik, Alberto Ortiz, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Augustus Osborne, John W. Ostrominski, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Olayinka Osuolale, Godfred Otchere, Elham H. Othman, Adrian Otoiu, Oche Joseph Otorkpa, Abdu Oumer, Jerry John Ouner, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Irene Amoakoh Owusu, Kolapo Oyebola, Tope Oyelade, Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi, Ilker Ozsahin, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Dimpal Manilal Paija, Keyvan Pakshir, Tamás Palicz, Raffaele Palladino, Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez, Tejasri Paluvai, Feng Pan, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Carlo Irwin Able Panelo, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Georgios D. Panos, Leonidas D. Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Anca Pantea Stoian, Giovanni Paolino, Ilias Papadimopoulos, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Parinaz Paranjkhoo, Shahina Pardhan, Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari, Romil R. Parikh, Chulwoo Park, Eun-Kee Park, Seoyeon Park, Arpit Parmar, Swapnil Parve, Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Jay Patel, Satyananda Patel, Mitesh Patel, Sangram Kishor Patel, Hemal M. Patel, Bhumi Hemal Patel, Heta Pavan Patel, Riya Jayesh Patel, Neel Navinkumar Patel, Angel J. Paternina-Caicedo, Bharat Smita Umakant Patil, Shankargouda Patil, Ashlesh Patil, Apurba Patra, Venkata Suresh Patthipati, Shubhadarshini Pawar, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Spencer A. Pease, Amy E. Peden, Paolo Pedersini, Jarmila Pekarcikova, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Prince Peprah, Emmanuel K. Peprah, João Perdigão, Gavin Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Pablo Perez-Lopez, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Pavlo Petakh, Olumuyiwa James Peter, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Hoang Nhat Pham, Tung Thanh Pham, Hoang Tran Pham, Nhat Truong Pham, Anil K. Philip, Michael R. Phillips, Zayar Phyo, David M. Pigott, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Edoardo Pirera, Moein Piroozkhkah, Enrico Pisoni, Florian Ploeckl, Evgenii Plotnikov, Dimitri Poddighe, Roman V. Polibin, Ramesh Poluru, Ville T. Ponkilainen, Ion Popa, Djordje S. Popovic, Sajjad Pourasghary, Reza Pourbabaki, Farzad Pourghazi, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Sergio I. Prada, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Jalandhar Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Harsh Priya, Nicola Riccardo Pugliese, Hery Purnobasuki, Shuby Puthussery, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Zhipeng Qi, Xiang Qi, Jia-Yong Qiu, Zahiruddin Syed Quazi, Basuki Rachmat, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Alberto Raggi, Pracheth Raghuveer, Hawbash Mohammed-Amin Rahim, Sajjad Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mahbubur Rahman, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Md Mijanur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Saeed Rahmani, Masoud Rahmati, Ghasem Rahmatpour Rokni, Hakim Rahmoune, Ivano Raimondo, Diego Raimondo, Sunil Kumar Raina, Jeffrey Pradeep Raj, Adarsh Raja, Sandesh Raja, Erta Rajabi, Gunaseelan Rajendran, Judah Rajendran, Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Majed Ramadan, Kadar Ramadhan, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Zahra Ramezani, Marzieh Ramezani Farani, Juwel Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nemanja Rancic, Smitha Rani, Kumuda Rao, Mithun Rao, Chythra R. Rao, Davide Rasella, Vahid Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Prateek Rastogi, Azad Rasul, Devarajan Rathish, Abdur Rauf, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ilari Rautalin, Ramin Ravangard, Dhwani Ravi, David Laith Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Ramu Rawat, Bahman Razi, Christian Razo, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy Redwan, Sanika Rege, Wajiha Rehman, Rainer Reile, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Stefano Restaino, Mina Rezaei, Marzieh Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva, Jennifer Rickard, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, João Rocha Rocha-Gomes, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Leonardo Roever, Ravi Rohilla, Iftitakhur Rohmah, Susanne Röhr, David Rojas-Rueda, Megan L. Rolfzen, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Michele Romoli, Luca Ronfani, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Jennifer Jacqueline Rosauer, Emily Rosenblad, Amirhossein Roshanshad, Morteza Rostamian, Kunle Rotimi, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Shiva Rouzbahani, Reza Rouzbahani, Hanieh Rouzbahani, Adrija Roy, Nitai Roy, Priyanka Roy, Parimal Roy, Bedanta Roy, Sharmistha Roy, Simanta Roy, Simanta Roy, Shubhanjali Roy, Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy, Enrico Rubagotti, Susan Fred Rumisha, Michele Russo, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Poorvikha S, Chandan S N, Aly M. A. Saad, Zahra Saadatian, Michela Sabbatucci, Korosh Saber, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Cameron John Sabet, Siamak Sabour, Perminder S. Sachdev, Kabir P. Sadarangani, Seyed Kiarash Sadat Rafiei, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Adam Saddler, Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Tarannom Sadegh, Erfan Sadeghi, Ehsan Sadeghi, Fatemeh Sadeghi-Ghyassi, Umar Saeed, Mohd Saeed, Maryam Saeedi, Mehdi Safari, Mahdi Safdarian, Sher Zaman Safi, Rajesh Sagar, Mastooreh Sagharichi, Amene Saghazadeh, Dominic Sagoe, Indranil Saha, Nondo Saha, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gülsüm Sahin Bodur, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, Zahra Saif, S Mohammad Sajadi, Md Refat Uz Zaman Sajib, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Payman Salamati, Luciane B. Salaroli, Mohamed A. Saleh, Mahdi Salehi, Mohammed Z. Y. Salem, Marwa Rashad Salem, Dauda Salihu, Sohrab Salimi, Pegah Salimi Pormehr, Malik Sallam, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Saad Samargandy, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M. Samy, Sandeep G. Sangle, Elaheh Sanjari, Sathish Sankar, Francesca Sanna, Lucas H C. C. Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Haaris Saqib, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Jacob Owusu Owusu Sarfo, Yaser Sarikhani, Tanmay Sarkar, Hemen Sarma, Mohammad Sarmadi, Sachin C. Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Benn Sartorius, Arash Sarveazad, Michele Sassano, Brijesh Sathian, Mukesh Kumar Sathya Narayanan, Maheswar Satpathy, Jennifer Saulam, Mehrdad Savabi Far, Kimia Savoji, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Abu Sayeed, Christophe Schinckus, Jurgen Carlo Schmidt, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Ghil Schwarz, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Catherine Schwinger, Mario Šekerija, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Yuliya Semenova, Mohammad H. Semreen, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Yigit Can Senol, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Yashendra Sethi, Seyed Mohammad Seyed Alshohadaei, Allen Seylani, Abubakar Sha'aban, Mahan Shafie, Arezoo Shafieioun, Muhammad Shahab, Shazlin Shaharudin, Muhammad Shahbaz, Syed Ahsan Shahid, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shahid, Endrit Shahini, Farshad Shahkarami, Fatemeh Shahrahmani, Hamid R. Shahsavari, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Nafhat Shaikh, Alireza Shakeri, Ali Shakerimoghaddam, Ali S. Shalash, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Anas Shamsi, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Dan Shan, Mohd Shanawaz, Abhishek Shankar, Ben David Geller Shapiro, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi Rad, Manoj Sharma, Ravi Kumar Sharma, Bunty Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Avimanu Sharma, Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Armin Shavandi, Ramzi Shawahna, Maryam Shayan, Ali Sheidaei, Aziz Sheikh, Mahabalesh Shetty, Suraj S. Shetty, Lin-Hong Shi, Fang Shi, Belayneh Fentahun Shibesh, Desalegn Shiferaw, Tariku Shimels, Md Monir Hossain Shimul, Min-Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Aminu Shittu, Abdul-karim Olayinka Shitu, Ivy Shiue, Velizar Shivarov, Ambreen Shoaib, Shayan Shojaei, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Suleiman Adeiza Adeiza Shuaibu, Kerem Shuval, Nicole R. S. Sibuyi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Mohammad Sidiq, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Noah Joseph Bernard Silva de Leonardi, Biagio Simonetti, Amit Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Baljinder Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Satwinder Singh, Poornima Suryanath Singh, Akanksha Singh, Harpreet Singh, Surendra Singh, Bhim Pratap Singh, Kalpana Singh, Samer Singh, Abhinav Singh, Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Robert Sinto, Freddy Sitas, Dagne Feleke Siyoum, Natia Skhvitaridze, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A. Sleet, Aalam Sohal, Md. Salman Sohel, Somaye Sohrabi, Anton Sokhan, Shipra Solanki, Solikhah Solikhah, Sameh S. M. Soliman, Aayushi Sood, Prashant Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Joan B. Soriano, Michele Sorrentino, Fernando Sousa, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Michael Spartalis, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Bahadar S. Srichawla, Shyamkumar Sriram, Devin Bailey Srivastava, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Nicholas Steel, Aleksandar Stevanovic, Sebastian Straube, Peter Stubbs, Omer Subasi, Narayan Subedi, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Hasnat Sujon, Thitiporn Sukaew, Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman, Auwal Garba Suleiman, Muhammad Suleman, Desy Sulistiyorini, Mark J. M. Sullman, Jing Sun, Haitong Zhe Sun, Xiaohui Sun, Mao-ling Sun, Zhuanlan Sun, Suraj Sundaragiri, David Sunkersing, Sumam Sunny, Chandan Kumar Swain, Tasmin L. Symons, Lukasz Szarpak, Mindy D. Szeto, Sree Sudha T Y, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei, Seyed Shahaboddin Tabatabaei, Shima Tabatabai, Celine Tabche, Ramin Tabibi, Mohammad Tabish, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Buhari Abdullahi Tafida, Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Shima Tajabadi, Iman M. Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Shynar Tanabayeva, Haosu Tang, Guodong Tang, Mohsan Tanveer, Sarvenaz Taridashti, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Mengistie Kassahun Tariku, Saba Tariq, Anika Tasnim, Seyed Mohammad Tavangar, Mebrahtu G. Tedla, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reem Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Azimeraw Arega Tesfu, Jay Tewari, Alireza Teymouri, Chandan Kumar Thakur, Rekha Thapar, Ismaeel Tharwat, Samar Tharwat, Hadiza Theyra-Enias, Arun James Thirunavukarasu, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Manuel Sebastian Thomas, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Yves Joel Tochie Noutakdie, Sojit Tomo, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topor-Madry, Ali Torkashvand, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khaled Trabelsi, Thang Huu Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Tam Quoc Minh Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Domenico Trico, Indang Trihandini, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Claudia Truppa, Gary Tse, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Zhouting Tuo, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Sok Cin Tye, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Himayat Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Atta Ullah, Riaz Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Lawan Umar, Muhammad Umar, Muhammad Umar, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Dinesh Upadhya, Era Upadhyay, Dipan Uppal, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Kelechi Julian Uzor, Hande Uzunçibuk, Pratyusha Vadagam, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Pascual R. Valdez, Mario Valenti, Zahir Vally, Jef Van den Eynde, Javad Varasteh, Joe Varghese, Priya Vart, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Sampara Vasishta, Srivatsa Surya Vasudevan, Alireza Vaysi, Ashleigh S. Vella, Balachandar Vellingiri, Gowri Venkatraman Subramanian, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Nicholas Alexander Verghese, Poonam Verma, Megan Verma, Madhur Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Dominique Vervoort, Ramesh Vidavalur, Simone Villa, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, David Villarreal-Zegarra, Francesco S. Violante, Sharath Chaitanya Vipparthy, Luciano Magalhães Vitorino, Stein Emil Vollset, Avina Vongpradith, Theo Vos, Elpida Vounzoulaki, Linh Vu, Henok Toga Wada, Yasir Waheed, Megha Walia, Lindsey E. Wallace, Agnes Wamuyu Wamai, Jin-Yi Wan, Arvinder Wander, Shu Wang, Ruixuan Wang, Xing Wang, Shaopan Wang, Qingzhi Wang, Jinyu Wang, Fang Wang, Wei Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Denny Wang, Youxin Wang, Wanzhou Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Mary Njeri Wanjau, Ahmed Bilal Waqar, Muhammad Waqas, Paul Ward, Stefanie Watson, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Fei-Long Wei, Xueying Wei, Robert G. Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Ronny Westerman, Joanna L. Whisnant, Taweewat Wiangkham, Yohanes Cakrapradipta Wibowo, Anggi Lukman Wicaksana, Nuwan Darshana Darshana Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Angga Wilandika, Peter Willeit, Andrew Awuah Wireko, Gemechu Kumera Wirtu, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Abay Tadesse Woday, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Axel Walter Wolf, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Yen Jun Wong, Daniel Tarekegn Worede, Minichil Chanie Chanie Worku, James Fan Wu, Zenghong Wu, Jinyi Wu, Felicia Wu, Peng Wu, Yihun Miskir Wubie, Qing Xia, Zhijia Xia, Hong Xiao, Lishun Xiao, Guangqin Xiao, Na Xiao, Wanqing Xie, Wanqing Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Suowen Xu, Wang-Dong Xu, Site Xu, Mingyang Xue, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Vikas Yadav, Sajad Yaghoubi, Saba Yahoo (Syed), Kazumasa Yamagishi, Xinxin Yang, Haibo Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Haiqiang Yao, Laiang Yao, Amir Yarahmadi, Habib Yaribeygi, Haya Yasin, Mohamed A. Yassin, Yuichi Yasufuku, Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Meghdad Yeganeh, Ali Cem Yekdes, Mohammad Hossein YektaKooshali, Getaneh Atikilt Yemata, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Saber Yezli, Siyan Yi, Muluken Yigezu, Dehui Yin, Yazachew Engida Yismaw, Malede Berihun Yismaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Abdilahi Yousuf, Jian Yu, Yong Yu, Chuanhua Yu, Hui Yuan, Ghazala Yunus, Umar Yunusa, Siddhesh Zadey, Vesna Zadnik, Mubashir Zafar, Manijeh Zaghampour, Mondal Hasan Zahid, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Fathiah Zakham, Giulia Zamagni, Sojib Bin Zaman, Abu Sarwar Zamani, Hussaini Zandam, Alireza Zangeneh, Aurora Zanghì, Iman Zare, Kourosh Zarea, Shirin Zaresharifi, Michael Zastrozhin, Mohammed Zawiah, Mohammed G. M. Zeariya, Dawit Zemedikun, Abay Mulu Zenebe, Sebastian Zensen, Eyael M. Zeru, Tiansong Zhan, Yongle Zhan, Xiaoyi Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Beijian Zhang, Ning Zhang, Xiu-Hang Zhang, Meixin Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Casper J. P. Zhang, Jinpeng Zhang, Zhongyi Zhao, Shenglin Zhao, Sheng Zhao, Ming-Hua Zheng, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Juexiao Zhou, Jiayan Zhou, Bin Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Hafsa Zia, Ghazal Zoghi, Mohamed Ali Zoromba, Rafat Mohammad Zrieq, Liesl J. Zuhlke, Lilik Zuhriyah, Alimuddin Zumla, Sa'ed H. Zyoud, Shaher H. Zyoud, Ahed H. Zyoud, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Christopher J. L. Murray

2025 The Lancet Vol. 406 Issue 10513 Article Cited by 100 Quartile

Abstract

Comprehensive, comparable, and timely estimates of demographic metrics—including life expectancy and age-specific mortality—are essential for evaluating, understanding, and addressing trends in population health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely and all-cause mortality estimates for being able to respond to changing trends in health outcomes, showing a strong need for demographic analysis tools that can produce all-cause mortality estimates more rapidly with more readily available all-age vital registration (VR) data. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) is an ongoing research effort that quantifies human health by estimating a range of epidemiological quantities of interest across time, age, sex, location, cause, and risk. This study—part of the latest GBD release, GBD 2023—aims to provide new and updated estimates of all-cause mortality and life expectancy for 1950 to 2023 using a novel statistical model that accounts for complex correlation structures in demographic data across age and time. We used 24 025 data sources from VR, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources to estimate all-cause mortality for males, females, and all sexes combined across 25 age groups in 204 countries and territories as well as 660 subnational units in 20 countries and territories, for the years 1950–2023. For the first time, we used complete birth history data for ages 5–14 years, age-specific sibling history data for ages 15–49 years, and age-specific mortality data from Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems. We developed a single statistical model that incorporates both parametric and non-parametric methods, referred to as OneMod, to produce estimates of all-cause mortality for each age-sex-location group. OneMod includes two main steps: a detailed regression analysis with a generalised linear modelling tool that accounts for age-specific covariate effects such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a population attributable fraction (PAF) for all risk factors combined; and a non-parametric analysis of residuals using a multivariate kernel regression model that smooths across age and time to adaptably follow trends in the data without overfitting. We calibrated asymptotic uncertainty estimates using Pearson residuals to produce 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) and corresponding 1000 draws. Life expectancy was calculated from age-specific mortality rates with standard demographic methods. For each measure, 95% UIs were calculated with the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. In 2023, 60·1 million (95% UI 59·0–61·1) deaths occurred globally, of which 4·67 million (4·59–4·75) were in children younger than 5 years. Due to considerable population growth and ageing since 1950, the number of annual deaths globally increased by 35·2% (32·2–38·4) over the 1950–2023 study period, during which the global age-standardised all-cause mortality rate declined by 66·6% (65·8–67·3). Trends in age-specific mortality rates between 2011 and 2023 varied by age group and location, with the largest decline in under-5 mortality occurring in east Asia (67·7% decrease); the largest increases in mortality for those aged 5–14 years, 25–29 years, and 30–39 years occurring in high-income North America (11·5%, 31·7%, and 49·9%, respectively); and the largest increases in mortality for those aged 15–19 years and 20–24 years occurring in Eastern Europe (53·9% and 40·1%, respectively). We also identified higher than previously estimated mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa for all sexes combined aged 5–14 years (87·3% higher in GBD 2023 than GBD 2021 on average across countries and territories over the 1950–2021 period) and for females aged 15–29 years (61·2% higher), as well as lower than previously estimated mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa for all sexes combined aged 50 years and older (13·2% lower), reflecting advances in our modelling approach. Global life expectancy followed three distinct trends over the study period. First, between 1950 and 2019, there were considerable improvements, from 51·2 (50·6–51·7) years for females and 47·9 (47·4–48·4) years for males in 1950 to 76·3 (76·2–76·4) years for females and 71·4 (71·3–71·5) years for males in 2019. Second, this period was followed by a decrease in life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic, to 74·7 (74·6–74·8) years for females and 69·3 (69·2–69·4) years for males in 2021. Finally, the world experienced a period of post-pandemic recovery in 2022 and 2023, wherein life expectancy generally returned to pre-pandemic (2019) levels in 2023 (76·3 [76·0–76·6] years for females and 71·5 [71·2–71·8] years for males). 194 (95·1%) of 204 countries and territories experienced at least partial post-pandemic recovery in age-standardised mortality rates by 2023, with 61·8% (126 of 204) recovering to or falling below pre-pandemic levels. There were several mortality trajectories during and following the pandemic across countries and territories. Long-term mortality trends also varied considerably between age groups and locations, demonstrating the diverse landscape of health outcomes globally. This analysis identified several key differences in mortality trends from previous estimates, including higher rates of adolescent mortality, higher rates of young adult mortality in females, and lower rates of mortality in older age groups in much of sub-Saharan Africa. The findings also highlight stark differences across countries and territories in the timing and scale of changes in all-cause mortality trends during and following the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–23). Our estimates of evolving trends in mortality and life expectancy across locations, ages, sexes, and SDI levels in recent years as well as over the entire 1950–2023 study period provide crucial information for governments, policy makers, and the public to ensure that health-care systems, economies, and societies are prepared to address the world's health needs, particularly in populations with higher rates of mortality than previously known. The estimates from this study provide a robust framework for GBD and a valuable foundation for policy development, implementation, and evaluation around the world. Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Affiliations

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Radiation Oncology,, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; School of Health & Life Sciences,, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Rehabilitation,, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China; Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing, The Univeristy of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Basic Science Department, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Internal Medicine Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada; Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Yale School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, New Haven, United States; Neuroendocrine Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico; Yhteiskuntadatatieteen Keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Cardiovascular Disease, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Community Helth Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, irbid, Jordan; Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda; FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Johnson City, TN, United States; Translational Research Team, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo City, Nigeria; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal; Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal; Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh; Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy; Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India; Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo City, Nigeria; Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India; Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, NSW, Australia; Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan; World Health Organization, World Health Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan; College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Assistance Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Clinical Academic Department of Women's Health, University Medical Center, NU Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia; Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States; VentrureBlick; Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; The University of Jordan, Jordanian Public Health Society, Amman, Jordan; American University in the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Jordan Medical Association, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; The University of Jordan School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States; Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, tehran, Iran; Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; General Directorate of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; College of pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, SC, United States; Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Applied Health Sciences (Physiotherapy), Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Pakistan; Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan; Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS “Ca' Granda Maggiore Policlinico” Hospital Foundation), Milan, Italy; The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, New South Wales (NSW), Amman, Jordan; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Family and Community Medicine Department, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia; School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC), ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Divivsion, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD), BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe (FUG), Puntland, Somalia; Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; university of tabuk-nursing faculty, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health, Institute of Science and Technology, CHENNAI, India; Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait; Surgical Research Section/ Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Uganda; Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain; Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh; Evaluation Unit, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisations, Geneva, Switzerland; Global Health Advocacy Incubator (GHAI), University of Central Nicaragua, Washington, DC, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Center for Biomedical Image Computing & Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of General Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Orthopedic Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers University, Toms River, NJ, United States; Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of General Medicine, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Vietnam, Thai Binh City, Viet Nam; Department of Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Public Health, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiotherapy, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India; Pharmacy Department, Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi?, Abu Dhabi?, United Arab Emirates; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Care in Long Term Conditions Research Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Periodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Clinical Disciplines, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Pharmacy Practice, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Education (NASRME), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia; Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan; Department of Physiology, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University, Shandong, China; Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria (VIC), Australia; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (VIC), Australia; Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Monash Addiction Research Center, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria (VIC), Australia; Atchabar Scientific Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; Management Policy and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States; College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Departament of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil; IMBB, The University of Lahore, lahore, Pakistan; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Psychiatry Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Malete, Nigeria; Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, ankara, Turkey; Department of Nephrology, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Health Information Management, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research and Technology Deputy, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Mathematics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Nursing, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Consultant, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India; Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India; The Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Shahid Rajii Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dental Material Research Center, Islamic Azad University, tehran, Iran; Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Academic Affairs and Prince Naif Health Research Center, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, United States; Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing, China; International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia; Robert N Butler Aging Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India; Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Chen Senior Medical Center, Tamarac, FL, United States; Anahuac Business School, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Health Policy, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy; Scientific Advisory Board, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan; University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Community Medicine, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Mahyil Asir, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pastor Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Biological Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai, India; Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Avicenna Biotech Research, Germantown, MD, United States; Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, United States; Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran; Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (University Hospital Santa Fe Foundation of Bogotá), Bogota, Colombia; Subdirectorate of Clinical Studies and Clinical Epidemiology, Hospital Universitorio Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia; Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Bayero University Kano, Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Kano, Nigeria; North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa; Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece; Center of Excellence of Cancer Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India; Community Health Department, University of South Wales, South Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States; Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal; Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States; Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Family Medicine, Texas Tech University, el paso, TX, United States; School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Research, Bengal Rural Welfare Service (BRWS), West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Health Administration, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Independent Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi Del Veneto, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Venice, Italy; TAF Uludag Winter Training Center, Turkish Ministry of Defence, Bursa, Turkey; Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia; Health Biotechnology Directorate at Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physical Education and Health, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay; School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Psychology, Education, and Sport, University Lusofona, Porto, Portugal; Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Demography and Population Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Ophthalmology Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Salud (Faculty of Health), Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Sétif, Algeria; Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Earth, Environment, and Equity, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States; University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Neuroscience, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Panama City, Panama; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Injury, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; College of Health Sciences, Hanoi, VinUniversity, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Environmental Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Health Care Management, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Sociology, University of Macau, Macau, China; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales Poisons Information Centre, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania; Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil; Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Forlì-Cesena, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy; Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IMPInstitute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; School of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Education Center of Australia, Health Science College, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Division of Country Health Policies and Systems (CPS), World Health Organisation, Italy; Mental Health Flagship, World Health Organization (WHO), Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP), Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Posgrado de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India; Cardio-Oncology Research Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Canterbury, United Kingdom; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Psychiatry Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; EPI, Oromia Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Science and Technology Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, yangzhou, China; Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia; School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; School of Chinese Medicine (Teaching and Research Division), Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India; Department of Biosciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India; Southeast University, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Robert Stemple College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Pediatrics, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria; Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University Oye-Ekiti Nigeria, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of AndroUrology, AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Research Center on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Department of Anesthsia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Departartment of Allied health sciences, Federal University of Health Science Azare, Katagum-Azare, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Metabolic Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; Nutrition Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Ga East Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; The University of Jordan, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Health Policy, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Population Health Research Center, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Complutense University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Implementation Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmology Department, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Dirección de Nutrición, Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia; Department of Social Sciences, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia; Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Clinical and Public Health Research, Independent Clinician Scientist and Public Health Researcher, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications “G. Parenti” (DiSIA), University of Florence and University of Palermo, Florence, Italy; Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Neurology Department Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of the Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Escola Superior de Saúde (Higher School of Health), Instituto Politécnico do Porto (Polytechnic Institute of Porto), Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Gastroenterology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Public Health Intelligence Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Quantitative Methods, Loyola University Andalusia, Sevilla, Spain; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; Department of Physiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Central South University, Changsha, China; Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Research Institute for Advanced Nursing (RIAN), Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai Province, Viet Nam; Institute of Health Economics and Technology (iHEAT), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Nuclear Medicine Deparment, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil; Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India; Ateneo Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Department and Demography and Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Delta State, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Environmental and Occupational Health Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health, Samara University, Semnan, Iran; Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Private Orthodontist, Ahvaz, Iran; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom; Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department-Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy Program, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Pediatrics and Neonatology Department, Kafr Elshiekh University, Kafr Elshiekh, Egypt; Pharmacology and Therapeutic Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; the National Institute of Public health Research, Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania; Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Basic Medical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt; Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Research, UChicago Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ivan Research Institute, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania; Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; The Maldives National University, The Maldives National University, Male, Maldives; Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Pascale, Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan; Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Community-based Inclusive Mental Health Department, Centre for Disability in Development (CDD), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Animal Production and Health Division (EMPRES), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; Charité University Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité University Medical Center Berlin), Berlin, Germany; School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation; cardiovascular department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Medical School, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, Italy; Department of Neurology, Public Health and Disability, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Innovation in Healthcare and Social Services Department, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Epidemiology Division (KEP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; College of Medicine, Dentistry and Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mures, Romania; Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of American Education, Institute of Health & Management, Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology,, School of Engineering, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Biostatistics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Key Lab of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, SIMAD University Mogadishu. Somalia, Mogadishu, Somalia; Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacology, IES Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India; Professional Services Division, Texas State Board of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, United States; Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA), Dakar, Senegal; Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA), Dakar, Senegal; Independent Consultant, Rome, Italy; School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosciences, Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Child Health Analytics Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Mayo Clinic, rochester, MN, United States; Infectious Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pediatric Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Committee of qom university of medical sciences, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurology Department of Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Research Group for Childhood Cancer, Danish Cancer Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Government Institute of Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Clinical Research, National Institute For Research In Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; GBD Collaborating Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Ospedale SS Annunziata Savigliano, Savigliano, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjab, India; Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Portugal; Department of Urban Public Health, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy; Midwifery Department, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Libertyville, IL, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Liverpool Orthopaedic and Trauma Service, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Health Direction, Local Health Authority of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq; Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of the Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Group Health Department, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China; Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Divison of Epidemology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Preventive Cardiology & Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India; Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India; Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India; Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Melbourne/Darwin, Victoria (VIC), Australia; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Research Unit in Epidemiology Clinic, Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, Mexico; College of Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; The George Institute for Global health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Department of Liver Tumor, Cancer Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Liver Transplant Unit, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health, Charité Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Guthrie Medical Group, Guthrie Medical Group, Cortland, NY, United States; Edirne Public Health Center, Edirne Provincial Health Directorate, Edirne, Turkey; Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey; Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders (Perron Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Stroke Research Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Vital and Health Statistics, Ministry of Health, Beirut, Lebanon; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Directorate General of Health Human Resources, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Surgical, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; institute of radiology and radiological sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, tehran, Iran; institute of radiology and radiological sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Periodontics, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biotechnology, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Community Medicine, Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan; Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Health Policy and Financing, Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada; School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States; Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Australian Centre for Health Service Innovations, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia; National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Sciences Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Decision and Information Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Public Health Research Group, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Maternal and Child Health, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bangladesh; Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Pediatric Nursing Department, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Artur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Terengganu, Malaysia, Malaysia; Fenerbahce University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Science and Technology Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Pharmacoepidemiology Department, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, United States; Health Policy and Management Department, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Scotland, Aberdeen; Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh (Muhammadiyah University of Aceh), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia; Independent Researcher, Cairo, Egypt; 4-Green Research Society, Journal of Biological Sciences and Public Health, Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia; Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia; Clinical Laboratory Department, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya; Department of Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Tobruk, Libya; Department of Urology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Knowledge Translation Program, Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Coimbatore, India; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Special Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Health Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; School of Medicine, Volgograd state medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation; Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; UNESCO-TWAS Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Department of Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Primary Care Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengelpet, India; Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public and Community Health, Frontier University Garowe, Puntland, Somalia; Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; KI Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Research, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Internal Medicine, GCS Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; Department of Public Health, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Biology and Engineering (School of Health Medicine Modern Industry), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Population, Fertility, and Mortality Team, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Nursing and Midwifery Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Independent Consultant, Pune, India; Department of Health, Khoy Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran; Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital Karnal, Karnal, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India; Canberra Business School, University of Canberra, Hawker, ACT, Australia; College of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of General Medical Practice No. 2, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Public Health, South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom; Osun State Hospital Management Board; Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery Division, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of general medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Amity Stem Cell Institute (ASCI), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India; Department of Reproductive, Family and Population Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Center for Tobacco Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India; College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Rabat, Morocco; Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran; Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies (CAPS), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering (MechE), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom; NITVAR, Indian Council of Medical Research, Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India, India; Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; BDStatistics Center for Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Internal Medicine Department, Reading Hospital Tower Health, Reading, PA, United States; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Central Department of zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Physiology and Biomedical engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States; Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Sangrur, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; University of Sulaimani College of Medicine, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Health Management and Economics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Department, University of Inland Norway, Elverum, Norway; Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc., Boston, MA, United States; Millennium Prevention, Inc., Westwood, MA, United States; The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India; Child Health Analytics, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Department of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India; Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Endocrinology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine; Scientific Department, Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Mycobacteriology Unit, Center for Health Promotion and Research, Bamenda, Cameroon; Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Scientific and Educational Center for Neurology and Applied Neuroscience, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland (QLD), Australia; Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Department of Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Amity institute of Public Health and Hospital administration, Amity University Noida, Noida, India; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Department of Public Health, Central University, Accra, Ghana; Central University, Accra, Ghana; School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore; centre for biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Amity Centre for Water Studies and Research, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Gastroenterology Department, Ahalia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Allied Health Sciences, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India; Department of Anaesthesiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Ranchi, India; Department of Economics, Manipal University, Jaipur, Jaipur, India; Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India; Corporate Nursing and midwifery Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Subjects, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia; Institute for Health Sciences, STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medicana Health International, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana; Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine, UniCamillus University, Rome, Italy; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Social and Health Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India; Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Unidad de Genética y Salud Pública, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas, Las Tablas, Panama; Ministry of Health, Hospital Joaquín Pablo Franco Sayas, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Systems, Administration and Management, Babcock University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Health Services Management Programme, Plasma University, Mogadishu, Somalia; School of Physical Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario (ON), Canada; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Independent Consultant, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IN, United States; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; SC Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità (Neurology, Public Health, Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; First Clincal Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Discipline of Physiology, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, jinan, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan; Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Norrtälje Hospital (Tiohundra), Norrtälje, Sweden; Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; College of Mathematics and Computer, Xinyu University, Xinyu, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile; Department of Community Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Spine Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, China; Geospatial Health and Development Team-Child Health Analytics, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Scientific Research and Surveillance Systems, Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia; School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Dodoma Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania; College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Centre for Public Health and Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, King Salman International University, South of Sinai, Egypt; 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Associate Laboratory i4HB, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal; School of Infection & Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysooru, India; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Science, Pondicherry, Puducherry, India; Department of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Research Center, Cihan University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Neurology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Microbiology Department, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; The Orthopaedic Department, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt; Digestive Diseases Research Institute (DDRI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; University of Kansas Medical Center, A.T. Still University, Kansas City, KS, United States; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Internal Medicine Department, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Eisenhower Health, Palm Desert, CA, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Corporate Nursing and Midwifery Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Biomedical Engineering Research Center (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (Barcelona Tech - UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Economics, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Campus Fortaleza, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Sarawak, Malaysia; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Ponorogo, Indonesia; Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Board of Directors, Association of Resident Physicians, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; University of Sydney, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India; Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Prosthetic dental sciences (Substitutive Dental Sciences), Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Epidemiology, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Research Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Healthcare, University of Vlora, Vlora City, Albania; Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan; Centre for Health Innovation and Policy, Noida, India; Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India; Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; École de Santé Publique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (DGIDI), Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University “Federico II” of Naples, Naples, Italy; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; General Administration Department, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Paediatrics Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sedr, Egypt; Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Oncology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, United States; Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India; Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India; Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India; Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates; Nursing College, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somalia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Delhi, India; Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Health Economics Division, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Mashhad, Iran; Emam-Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Skull Base Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Medical Microbiology Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India; Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of health sciences azare Bauchi State -Nigeria, National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Bauchi, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department Medical-Surgical Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Mathematics, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy; AI & Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Collective Prevention and Public Health, General Directorate for Personal Care, Health, and Welfare, Bologna, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department for Statistics and Econometrics, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria; Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of audiology, school of rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Halal Research Center of IRI, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran; Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Pakistan; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States; Knowledge Management Department, Prahlad Omkarwati Foundation (POF), Mumbai, India; Changescape Consulting, Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States; Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; College of Health Science, Woldia University, woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Nursing, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia; Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India; Department of Community and Global Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Anatomy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Paediatrics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Duhok University, Duhok, Iraq; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India; University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Prince Fahad bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Director General, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States; Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; College of Health Sciences, Cihan University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Physiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for War-affected People, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India; Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Public Heath, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan; Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Vermont, South Burlington, VT, United States; Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Dept of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China; Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Manipal Institute of Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Research, TroDDIVaT Initiative, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Center for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology, Bucharest, Cardio-Aid, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of General Surgery, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Clinical Medicine (General Medicine profile), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya; Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study (HIAS), Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan; Tuberculosis Group, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Nam Can Tho Health Science Institute, Nam Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam; Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Humanities and Social Science, University for International Studies in Rome, Rome, Italy; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Department of Public Health, Larnaca, UNICAF, Cyprus; Department of Pathology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon; Technical Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Global Research Institute, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, LAHORE, Pakistan; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Internal Medicine Department, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; Global Health Department, Euclid University, Banqui, Central African Republic; Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; The Cardiac Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia; Midwifery Department, Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia; Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Higher Education Service Institutions (LL-DIKTI) Region IV, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Nursing, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; PSSM Data Sciences, Pfizer Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria; Technical Unit, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Global Engagement & Empowerment, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Westmead Applied Research Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Counselling and Human Development Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University Iwo, Iwo, Nigeria; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Associação Brasileira de Cefaleia em Salvas e Enxaqueca (ABRACES), São Paulo, Brazil; Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Research Policy & Administration, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Executive Director, Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria; Surgery Department, Sulaimani University, Sulaimani, Iraq; ENT Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Scientific laboratory “Center for Collective Use”, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Sickle Cell Unit, Ho Teaching Hospital, Ho, Ghana; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology, ASL Avezzano-Sulmona-L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; One Health Global Research Group, Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Cardiovascular Division, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana; School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, SIMATS, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Primary Health Center, Directorate of Public Health and Family Welfare, Eluru district, India; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; Division of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; First Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Neurology, University of Bern, Biel/Biene, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Digestive Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Department of Cardiology, Parve Nursing Home, Sindkhed Raja, India; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India; Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, India; Department of Research and Training, Population Council Institute, New Delhi, India; Department of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India; Institute of Physiotherapy, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Anand, India; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, United States; School of Medicine, University of Sinu, Cartagena, Colombia; Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Wardha, India; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States; Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India; Department of Human Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Department of Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, United States; Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (University of Lisbon), Lisbon, Portugal; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine; Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Facultad de Medicina (Faculty of Medicine), Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile; School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea; School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D´Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Bioinformatics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Air and Climate Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy; School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation; College of Health Sciences (CHS), Hanoi, VinUniversity, Viet Nam; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Data Management and Analysis, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India; Department of Ortopedics and Traumatology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Management Department, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia; Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas (Clinical Research Center), Fundación Valle del Lili (Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia; Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India; Department of Biochemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medical instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Cybersecurity, Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine; School of Public Health, (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, China; Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India; Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Oman Dental College, Oman; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità (The Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Science Research Centre, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health Sciences, Qaiwan International University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; College of Science, University of Sulaimani, KRG, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan; Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center (CEReSS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; LIRSSEI Research Lab, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy; Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, Tanda, India; Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Emergency Medicine Department, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia; Department of Anatomy, Govt. Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Biological Science and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; South Asian Institute for Social Transformation (SAIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Research, Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY, United States; Planetary Health Research Centre (PHRC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nitte (deemed to be) University, Mangalore, India; Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Geography, Soran University, Soran, Iraq; Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; University of Swabi, University of swabi, Swabi, Pakistan; Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Health Services Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Inovus Medical, St Helens, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Hematology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Departmant of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Health, Porter, Valparaiso, IN, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; School of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology - Infertility Clinic, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Centre of Telehealth, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Colombia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Department of Clinical Research, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy; Centre for Global Epilepsy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Action Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Pharmacy Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada; West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; RUSA Centre of Excellence in Public Policy and Governance, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States; Family and Prevention Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, RVM Medical College and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Agartala, India; Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia; Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Colombia; Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Cardiology, SS. Annunziata Hospital - ASL2 Abruzzo, Chieti, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Medicine, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India; Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy; Department for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Physics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Escuela de Kinesiología, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; school of public health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Geospatial Health and Development Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Food Technology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Computer, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Iranian Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Department of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; ICMR - National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India; Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain; College of Pharmacy, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; Department of Integrated Health Education, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Technology Management Department, University College of Applied Sciences, Gaza, Palestine; School of Economics and Management, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; College of Nursing, Jouf University, Jouf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Research and Development, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Benang Merah Research Center, Benang Merah Research Center (BMRC), Minahasa Utara, Indonesia; Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Forensic Biology, Government Institute of Forensic Science Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Maharashtra, India; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; University of São Paulo City, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Independent Consultant, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Food Processing Technology, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Malda, India; Bodoland Univeisty, Botany Department, Kokrajhar, India; Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran; Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India; Department of Medical Informatics, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Japan; Food Processing and Nutrition, Karnataka State Akkamahadevi Women's University, Vijayapura, India; Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy; School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India; Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh; Faculty of Business and Computing, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada; Department of Finance, International School of Management, Paris, France; Chief Data Officer Directorate, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Stroke Unit and Neurology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States; Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India; Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States; Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; State Key Laboratories of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS, Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran; Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Centre For Interdisciplinary Research In Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India; Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland; Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Health Education & Promotion, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India; Department of Forensic Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Engineering, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, India; Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, Amahara Regional Sate Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridiski”, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Clinical Practice, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centered Research, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Kenneth H. Cooper Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Advanced Materials Division, Randburg, Mintek, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Galgotias Multidisciplinary Research & Development Cell, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India; Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; RISE Health, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy; WSB University in Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; School of Public Health & Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India; School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India; Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Amity institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Faculty of Pharmacy), IFTM University, Moradabad, India; Department of Community Medicine, Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Science and Research, Srinagar Garhwal, India; Institute of National Importance on Food Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, India; Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (CPHCE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Passaic, NJ, United States; Global and European Health Education and Study Institute, University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; NCDC, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Books Committee, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom; Royal college of psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Division of Injury Prevention, The Bizzell Group, Atlanta, GA, United States; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Clinical Science Line, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteologie, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biochemistry, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown, Barbados; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Endocrinology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom; 3rd Department of Cardiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (AB), Canada; Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopaedics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Research Department, Nepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Clinical Research Unit, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Praboromarajchanok Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Department of Physiotherapy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, Nigeria; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Indonesia Maju, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Institute of Integrated Intelligence and Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; High-Quality Development Evaluation Research Institute, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China; Gandhi Medical College, Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences (KNRUHS), Secunderabad, India; Department of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, VIC, Australia; Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; neurology department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety, and Environmental Management, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Division of Epidemiology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; Department of Physiotherapy, A.T. Still University, Azare, Nigeria; The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia; Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Optometry, Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China; Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States; National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Metabolism and Systems Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Indiana University School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Internal Medicine Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India; Department of Abdominal Surgery, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Clinical Microbiology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (KAHS), Jumla, Nepal; Department of Economics, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Radiology, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia; ?.?. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Douala Laquintinie Hospital, Douala, Cameroon, University of Yaoundé I, Douala, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Interdisciplinary Health Data Center, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Merilyn and Glick Eye Institute, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France; Department of Health, Medicine and Human Biology, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France; High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Movement Sciences and Sports Training, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States; Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, GoldCoast, QLD, Australia; Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan; ALS Vietnam Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Adult Learning Disability Service, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom; CRIMEDIM Center for Research and Training in Global Health, Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Kent and Medway Medical School, Kent and Medway Medical School, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States; School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Hayatabad Medical Complex, Postgraduate Medical Institute, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Federal University of Health Sciences Azare, Federal Teaching Hospital, Azare, Nigeria; Federal Teaching Hospital Azare, Federal Medical Centre, Bauchi-State, Azare, Nigeria; Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine, Khairpur Medical College, Khairpur, Pakistan; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkey; Johnson & Johnson, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain; Sociedad Argentina de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India; UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Department of Biochemistry, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Chittoor, Chittoor, India; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, United States; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Auxilium College (Autonomous), Vellore, India; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Surgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy; Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid (European University of Madrid), Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Digital Health Research Center, Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Occupational Medicine Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy; Cardiac Electrophysiology, St Bernard's Medical Center, Jonesboro, AR, United States; Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá, Brazil, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil, Brazil; Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Physiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; NUST School of Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Széchenyi István University, Gyor, Hungary; Department of Social Sciences, Chuka University, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya; Population Studies and Research Institute, UoN, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang City, China; Department of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; school of public health, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia; School of Nursing Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Key Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Centre for Health Policy Research, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China; Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Geriatrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China; Cardiology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany; Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Research Organisation, Inter-Continental Omni-Research in Medicine Collaborative, Berlin, Germany; School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia; School of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia, NSW, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; Department of Theory and Empiricism of Healthcare, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Public Health, Wuhan fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Western Institute of Digital-Intelligent Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, Hefei, China; Department of Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, luzhou, China; Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China; Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, hyderabad, India; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Public Health Administration, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan; National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Biotechnology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey; Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Family Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Family Medicine Department, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Biostatics, Epidemiology, and Science Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Public Health Department (Public health nutrition unit), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States; School of Business & Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (University of Putra Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China; School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Southeast University Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital, Clinical Hospital, Xuzhou, China; Department of Basic Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Nursing Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, AB, Edmonton, Nigeria; Association for Socially Applicable Research (ASAR), Pune, India; Department of Emergency Medicine, Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation (GEMINI) Research Center, Durham, NC, United States; Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Family and Community Medicine Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Biology & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (Putra University of Malaysia), UPM Serdang, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Health Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States; Department of Computer and Self Development, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States; Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Sant'Elia Hospital, University of Catania, Caltanissetta, Italy; Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Clinical Practice, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Centre (CERC), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Cardiology Population Health Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (VCCRI), Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Frist Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Burn Surgery Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China; XuZhou Medical University, University of Medicine, XuZhou, China; Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Office of Chongqing Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China; Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, wenzhou, China; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Applied Science Research Centre, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Public Health, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine; Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Civil Engineering and Sustainable Structures, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine; Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine