Zahrotul Istiqomah, Holilah, Didik Prasetyoko, Sri Sunarmi, Hendro Juwono, Agus Wedi Pratama, Mohd Saiful Asmal Rani, Dina Wahyu Indriani, Victor Feizal Knight, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
Filter paper waste represents a significant yet underutilized feedstock for producing nanocellulose, a high-value nanomaterial essential for bioplastics and nanocomposites due to its biodegradability and mechanical strength. Valorizing this laboratory byproduct supports circular economy principles by converting waste into functional materials. In this study, nanocellulose was successfully isolated from filter paper waste (FPW). Cellulose extracted from the FPW was converted into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) through acid hydrolysis using two inorganic acids (sulfuric and hydrochloric) and two organic acids (citric and formic). The results revealed that acid type significantly influences particle morphology: hydrolysis with inorganic acids yielded spherical NCC particles, while the organic acids produced thin rod-shaped NCC. The average particle diameters of NCC from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid were 42.08 nm and 53.14 nm, respectively. FPW-NCH exhibited the highest crystallinity (87.40%), while FPW-NCS showed the lowest thermal stability (degradation onset at 220 °C). These findings demonstrate that simple acid selection is a critical tool for tailoring nanocellulose properties for specific end-use requirements © 2025
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Keputih, Sukolilo Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Serpong, Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, Indonesia; Research Center for Chemical Defence, Defence Research Institute, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000, Malaysia
