Arpita Roy, Dahir Sagir Idris, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan, Soumya Pandit, Dimas Rahadian Aji Muhammad, Cheng Wan Hee
This study reports a simple single-pot green synthesis of Ag–Fe–Cu–Ni quad-metallic oxide nanoparticles using the green-waste extract of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) peels as both the reducing and capping agent. The nanoparticles are successfully fabricated and characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer, XRD, FESEM, EDS, DLS, and zeta potential. The catalytic efficiency of the quad-metallic nanoparticles was investigated against individual and a mixture of phenol red, eosin yellow, and methyl red, forming a complex dye solution. The complex dye was degraded by more than 86% in 3 h, while the individual methyl red, phenol red, and eosin yellow dyes were degraded by 94.61%, 94.97%, and 80.1%, respectively, in just 2 min. The reduction potential and eco-friendly synthesis route presented in this study highlight the importance of using waste materials for nanoparticle synthesis and their potential application as catalysts. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2026.
Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Bioscience & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India; Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agroindustrial and Biosystems Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Veteran St Malang, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Life Science, School of Bio-Science and Technology, Sharda University, U.P., Greater Noida, India; Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, Rajpura, India; Department of Food Science and Technology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia; Faculty Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
