Alexander Patera Nugraha, Guang Hong, Kunhua Yang, Adya Pramusita, Nurul Aisyah Rizky Putranti, Ida Bagus Narmada, I. Gusti Aju Wahju Ardani, Muhammad Luthfi, Wibi Riawan, Putri Cahaya Situmorang, Izzet Yavuz, Tengku Natasha Eleena binti Tengku Ahmad Noor, Ummen Sabu, Khairul Anuar Shariff, Fitri Dwi Agus Pratiwi, Nindya Rizqi Anjani Marhendra, Kotaro Tanimoto
Objective Understanding the roles of interleukin (IL)-10, -1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator nuclear kappa beta (RANK), and its ligand (RANKL) in orthodontic mechanical force (OMF) is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanoemulsion propolis extract (NPE) from Tetragonula biroi on IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and RANK–RANKL–OPG expression during OMF (10 and 20 g) in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Materials and Methods Fifty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to groups with or without OMF and treated with 10 or 20 g OMF, with or without daily NPE administration. Orthodontic force was applied by connecting the maxillary central incisor to the maxillary left first molar using a ligature wire and an 8 mm nickel–titanium closed coil spring. NPE was administered into the gingival sulcus once daily for 7 or 14 days. The animals were then euthanized, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, RANK, RANKL, and OPG expression in the alveolar bone. Results The 20 g OMF group without NPE exhibited the highest expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, RANK, and RANKL on day 7 at the compression side of the alveolar bone. Conversely, the 20 g OMF group with NPE showed the highest IL-10 and OPG expression on day 7, with significant differences between groups (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions The administration of NPE reduced IL-1β, TNF-α, RANK, and RANKL expression while increasing IL-10 and OPG expression in the alveolar bone under 20 g OMF in Wistar rats. © 2026. The Author(s).
Department of Orthodontics, Dental Regenerative Research Group, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Division for Globalization Initiative, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Department of Biomolecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey; Membership, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh University, United Kingdom; Department of Periodontology, Centre Studies for Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Calicut NIT Campus, Kerala, India; Department of Materials Engineering, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
