Aldian Arie Pratama, Agustin Iskandar, Singgih Pudjo Wahono
Adiposity-related chronic diseases and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome significantly contribute to the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), where early risk stratification is still inadequate. This study evaluated the efficacy of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio as early, cost-efficient biomarkers for cardiovascular risk assessment in persons with adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) and early-stage CKM syndrome. © 2026, ČKS.
Indonesian National Army Health Center, Jakarta, Indonesia; Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
