Rismawati Rismawati, Eko Ganis Sukoharsono, Monika Handayani, Javaid Ahmad Wagay
Incorporating environmental protections in bilateral and regional trade agreements is crucial for fostering sustainable economic development. Early trade agreements focusedon economic liberalization, whereas contemporary frameworks increasingly integrate environmental obligations to tackle climate change, resource depletion, and ecological degradation. This paper examines the development of environmental provisions in trade agreements, enforcement mechanisms, and optimal practices for sustainability-oriented trade policy. Prominent case studies such as the CPTPP, EU-Mercosur, and ACFTA, underscore both achievements and obstacles in the execution of environmental requirements. Moreover, market incentives like carbon pricing, border tax adjustments, and green subsidies are essential for harmonizing economic and environmental goals. The research offers policy suggestions for enhancing environmental protections, assuring adherence, and promoting international collaboration. The incorporation of comprehensive sustainability measures in trade agreements will be essential for attaining enduring environmental and economic resilience. Copyright © 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global Scientific Publishing is prohibited. Use of this chapter to train generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is expressly prohibited. The publisher reserves all rights to license its use for generative AI training and machine learning model development.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo, Indonesia; Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia; Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin, Indonesia; University of Kahsmir, India
