Fred H. Lawson, Aswin Ariyanto Azis, Matteo Legrenzi
Indonesia's policy towards the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has taken a notable turn in the past few years. Previously, Jakarta responded to developments by providing humanitarian assistance; it now concerns itself with security and military affairs, and has adopted a more activist posture. Moch Faisal Karim's concept of ‘layered incoherence’ provides insight into the shift, but would do better to underscore the detrimental impact that a high degree of informality has on policymaking. © 2026 Durham University and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; Department of International Relations, Universita Ca' Foscari, Venezia, Italy
